<p>The Frederick B. Townsend House is located in the DeKalb County, Illinois county seat of Sycamore. The home is within the boundaries of the Sycamore Historic District. The district was designated and listed on the National Register of Historic Places in May 1978. The Queen Anne style home was designed and constructed in 1890 or 1892 by the same architect and general contractor responsible for Altgeld Hall at Northern Illinois University and the nearby DeKalb County Courthouse, as well as the courthouse in Lee County.</p><br>
<h2>Frederick B. Townsend</h2><br>
<p>Frederick B. Townsend was born in Malta Township, DeKalb County, Illinois in 1858. This native son belonged to an elite family tree that included such prominent residents as Daniel Pierce, his maternal great-grandfather, who founded the National Bank & Trust Co. in 1867. Townsend married Mary Boynton, the daughter of a lender and land speculator in 1890. They eventually became parents to Charles and Eleanor. Eleanor Townsend married Thomas H. Roberts of Clinton Township in 1920. Roberts would go on to found DeKalb Ag, a company later known as DeKalb Genetics Corp. and bearer of the famous corn ear DeKalb logo. That company merged with Monsanto Company in 1998.</p><br>
<p>Townsend was active as a local community leader and served in a variety of positions. At one time or another Townsend was mayor of Sycamore, county judge and instrumental in keeping Sycamore the DeKalb County seat when the courthouse was reconstructed in the early 20th Century.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Local legend has it that the house was given as a dowry of sorts to Frederick Townsend and his new bride, Mary Boynton, by her father, Charles O. Boynton, in 1890. However, newspaper articles from 1892 indicate that the mansion was new at that time.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The Townsend House, much like the Townsend Garage, a short distance from the mansion, incorporates granite boulders collected from Townsends many DeKalb County farms. Unlike the Garage, however, only the lower portion of the house and porch facade and the foundation utilizes the boulders. The large granite porch wraps around the house from the front door, the porch includes a porte-cochere and is topped with wooden pillars. Transoms of leaded or stained glass can found on many of the first floor windows. A balcony is on the second floor where the structure has a multi-gabled roof. Both the east and south gables have large Palladian windows. The south gable has what has been termed an "M-roof." The enclosed turret is capped with a conical roof and is accessible only from the homes attic.</p><br>
<p>Gardiners Point Island is an island in Block Island Sound, New York, that was the former location of the Gardiner Island Lighthouse as well as Fort Tyler.</p><br>
<p>For many years the island was connected via a shoal to Gardiners Island and as such it is under the jurisdiction of East Hampton. In 1851 the federal government purchased 14 acre on the peninsula from the Gardiners for $400 with the Gardiners Point Light first being lit in 1855 after a construction expenditure of $7,000.</p><br>
<p>A March 1888 Nor&#39;easter caused a break in the peninsula permanently turning the point into an island. Between 1890 and 1893 the island was shrinking at the rate of 10 feet per year.</p><br>
<p>During the Spanish–American War the War Department recommended and Congress appropriated $500,000 to build Fort Tyler on the island as part of the Harbor Defenses of Long Island Sound. A temporary battery was constructed as an interim measure at a cost of $77,100. This battery consisted of emplacements for two 8-inch M1888 guns on converted carriages for 1870s-era Rodman guns. It was one of a number of batteries built shortly after the outbreak of the war, as it was feared the Spanish fleet would bombard the US east coast. The "Report of the Commission on the Conduct of the War with Spain" states the platforms were ready, but does not state that the guns were mounted. There are two stories as to who the permanent fort was named for. One source states it was named for Daniel Tyler, a general and Civil War veteran who died in 1882, in General Order 194 of 27 December 1904. Another story is that it was named for former President John Tyler (1841-1845) who married Julia Gardiner Tyler, born on Gardiners Island. The permanent fort consisted of Battery Edmund Smith, with emplacements for two 8-inch M1888 disappearing guns and two 5-inch M1900 guns on pedestal mounts. Records indicate that it was never armed. The fort was unusual in that it seems to have arisen entirely out of wartime fears. Most forts of its era were started based on recommendations of the 1885 Board of Fortifications and were already under construction (though years from completion) when war broke out. Thus, in most cases the temporary batteries were to quickly provide some armament for pre-existing forts.</p><br>
<p>The shifting sands caused continuing problems for the fort, and it was abandoned in 1924 and transferred to the state as part of a post-World War I drawdown of coast defenses.</p><br>
<p>In 1938 the island was declared a National Bird Refuge by Franklin Roosevelt and transferred to the Agriculture Department.</p><br>
<p>During World War II the fort was used for bombing practice and this, combined with erosion, reduced it to its present state where it is popularly called "The Ruins."</p><br>
<p>The state of New York briefly considered turning it into a park but it is deemed a navigational hazard because of the possibilities of unexploded ordnance. It is now part of the Long Island National Wildlife Refuge Complex.</p><br>
<p>The Charles O. Boynton House is located in the DeKalb County, Illinois, city of Sycamore. The home is part of the Sycamore Historic District which was designated and listed on the National Register of Historic Places in May 1978. The Queen Anne style mansion sits on a stretch of Sycamore&#39;s Main Street that is dotted with other significant Historic District structures including, the Townsend House and the Townsend Garage. The Boynton House was designed by the same architect who designed the Ellwood House in nearby DeKalb and the David Syme House, another house in the Sycamore Historic District.</p><br>
<h2>C. O. Boynton</h2><br>
<p>Charles O. Boynton was born in 1826 in Rockingham, Vermont. He came to Illinois in 1847 and opened a dry goods store in Chicago. Two years later he moved to Sycamore and opened another store, this time a general store. He began lending money in 1852 by obtaining capital from back East at lower interest rates and then lending locally at a higher rate. He did this until the early 1870s and made a significant amount of money.</p><br>
<p>After lending Boynton moved on to land speculation. Boynton owned farmland in DeKalb County as well as almost 75,000 acres (300 km²) in Iowa, Kansas, Minnesota, North and South Dakota, and Arkansas. He held nearly 60,000 acres (240 km²) of walnut forests in Arkansas where he owned a lumber mill.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The house remained in the Boynton family for around 100 years but went through numerous changes throughout its history. In the 1940s the family converted the first floor of the home for use as a gift, antique and women&#39;s clothing shop. To add merchandise space they enclosed the porch with glass and consolidated their living quarters to the upper floor. Finally, in 1986, the home left the hands of the Boynton family as third generation Lillian Boynton put the home up for sale, asking $275,000. The home, nearby Charles O. Boynton Carriage House, and surrounding property sold for $207,000.</p><br>
<p>The homes new owners set about remodeling, mostly the interior of the home. Outside they returned the porch to its 1880s appearance. The third floor had originally held a grand ballroom, said to have been even larger than that in the Ellwood House. At its height the ballroom was lavishly decorated and furnished. Even in the homes last years with Lillian Boynton the ballroom still retained its deteriorated original wallpaper and gas chandeliers. After the sale, the ballroom was gutted to make way for a new master bedroom.</p><br>
<p>The home hit the market for the third time in a little over 100 years in 1997. Both the home and carriage house passed hands, separately this time, due to bankruptcy proceedings. The home, at 8,824 ft&sup2; remained a single family home while the carriage house was converted for office space.</p><br>
<p>On December 16, 2016, the Boynton House was damaged in a fire that originated in the homes carport. Authorities speculated that a carpenters van owned by a hardwood flooring company that was working on the property ignited, causing an estimated $175,000 in damages. No one was harmed in the fire.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The facade is red brick and light colored stone. There is a diagonally placed turret in the mansions southeast corner, rising above the rest of the house. Bays are formed in the first and second floor rooms within the tower. A prominent oriel projects from the second floors northeast corner, opposite the tower. Many windows are detailed in stained glass including those in the oriel. The porte-cochere has been remodeled over the years and was originally intended to awe and amaze visitors to the Boynton House.</p><br>
<p>The home has seen a number of changes aside from the porte-cochere. The front porch has undergone dramatic altering through the years. When Garnsey designed the building he intended the porch as an open and wooden decorative touch. By the turn of the 20th century the porch had been replaced with a brick based porch. The 1940s brought the commercial conversion of the first floor of the home and the porch was enclosed with glass to provide additional space for the business.</p><br>
<p>The Predil Pass or Predel Pass   is a high mountain pass on the border between Italy and Slovenia.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>The pass is located in the Julian Alps, between the peaks of Mount Mangart to the north and Mount Kanin to the south. It connects Cave del Predil, part of the Italian municipality of Tarvisio in the northwest, with the municipality of Bovec in the Upper Soča (Isonzo) Valley in Slovenia.</p><br>
<p>On the Italian side, the state highway No. 54 del Friuli leads from Tarvisio and the Canal Valley along the Slizza Creek to Lake Predil, where the route to the Sella Nevea Pass in the south branches off, and uphill to the Predil crest. On the Slovenian side, the road No. 203 runs downhill to Log pod Mangartom and further to Bovec. The village of Strmec na Predelu lies just beneath the border crossing.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The road was built from 1319 onwards by the citizens of Cividale in the Patriarchate of Aquileia with the consent of the Prince-Bishops of Bamberg, then the possessors of the Carinthian lands in the north. However, the importance of the trade route diminished after the Aquileia territory in the south was incorporated into the Domini di Terraferma by the Republic of Venice in 1420.</p><br>
<p>Since 1754 the Predil Pass marked the border between the Duchy of Carinthia with the lands of the Princely County of Gorizia and Gradisca (part of the Austrian Littoral from 1849) in the southeast, both part of the Habsburg Monarchy. During the War of the Fifth Coalition, an Austrian contingent under Captain Johann Hermann von Hermannsdorf on 18 May 1809 fought against the French forces moving from the Kingdom of Italy upon the Battle of Tarvis. Hermannsdorf was killed in battle, in 1851 a memorial was erected in his honour.</p><br>
<p>In 1903 a 4.5 km long tunnel (Štoln) was built beneath the pass, serving miners from Log pod Mangartom on their way to the lead mines in Cave del Predil. In World War I the mine railway was used to supply the Austro-Hungarian Army in the Battles of the Isonzo against the Kingdom of Italy.</p><br>
<p>Mount Redington is a mountain located in Franklin County, Maine. Redington is flanked to the northeast by South Crocker Mountain and to the west by Black Nubble. Redington stands just northeast of the USA Navy Survival Escape and Evasion Training Facility .</p><br>
<p>The southeast side of Redington drains into the South Branch of the Carrabassett River, then into the Kennebec River, and into the Gulf of Maine. The northwest side of Redington drains into Nash Stream, then into the South Branch of the Dead River, Flagstaff Lake, the Dead River and the Kennebec.</p><br>
<p>The Appalachian Trail (AT), a 2,170 mi National Scenic Trail from Georgia to Maine, is routed around Mt. Redington, to instead pass near the summit of Sugarloaf Mountain (4,250 ft) — the second highest peak in the state of Maine. The AT runs from Saddleback Junior to the southwest, over Spaulding Mountain and Sugarloaf to the east, and passes about a mile northeast of Redington, at the summit of South Crocker.</p><br>
<p>Mount Redington and Owl&#39;s Head in New Hampshire are the only New England four-thousand footers without a maintained trail to the summit.</p><br>
<h2>Wind farm proposal</h2><br>
<p>In 2005, Maine Mountain Power filed an application with the Maine Land Use Regulation Committee (LURC) for a permit to develop a 30-turbine wind farm on Redington and neighboring Black Nubble.</p><br>
<p>After years of contentious debate, the proposal was voted down by the LURC in 2007. The summit of Redington was seen as too ecologically sensitive — a sub-alpine fir habitat providing a home for two rare species, the bog lemming and Bicknell&#39;s thrush. Also, the development would have been visible for miles along the AT.</p><br>
<p>A revised proposal, which would have developed wind power only on Black Nubble, was rejected by the LURC in 2008.</p><br>
<p>As of early 2009, the wind farm project was being planned as the Sugarloaf Community Wind Farm.</p><br>
<p>The White Pines State Park Lodge and Cabins are located in rural Ogle County, Illinois near the village of Mount Morris. They were added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1985. The Cabins are one of two Historic Places found in or near Mount Morris, the other is the Samuel M. Hitt House. The Lodge and Cabins are part of a National Register Multiple Property Submission, they were submitted with several other state park lodges, all designed by Joseph F. Booton.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>With the Great Depression in full swing the Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) sought to relieve the work needs of unemployed Americans. The National Park Service sought to work with state governments in an effort to meet those ends. Many of the projects the CCC was involved with were construction projects. The project at White Pines was originally meant to be the construction of a lodge building. Two hundred men worked on the State Park construction project at one time, in the years 1933-1939, many of them World War I veterans.</p><br>
<p>After the lodge was completed, it was decided to build a restaurant and breezeway onto the lodge building. Logs for most of the project were shipped via railroad from as far away as Oregon and Washington state, unloaded in Stratford, Illinois and dragged to the construction site by teams of horses. The CCC project also completed sixteen one room log cabins and three four-bedroom cabins. The work crews also built picnic shelters, trail shelters and foot bridges. Only the logs for the cabins came from another source. They were purchased from a salvage company that had purchased utility poles from a defunct utility company at the price of 30 cents a piece.</p><br>
<p>As of 2007, the site was home to the sixteen one room cabins and the lodge building, which had been renovated and revamped. Modern amenities were available and the site is operated as a private lodge.</p><br>
<h2>Site</h2><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The architecture of the lodge and cabins at White Pines was probably most influenced by the limitations on size instilled by the conservation effort underway at the southernmost stand of native white pines in the United States. When the site was under consideration for the lodge and cabins it had already seen extensive recreational use by the surrounding population. That use threatened to unhinge the delicate balance that existed within White Pines fragile ecosystem. As such, the Illinois State Park Plan, implemented at the time of the lodges construction, already called for additional state recreational areas in the northern Illinois area to alleviate the burden on White Pines. Because of the concern for conservation at the site, the White Pines State Park Lodge and Cabins is the smallest of the five sites on the Multiple Property Submission. Despite its relative small size, especially compared to the Starved Rock Lodge or the Pere Marquette Lodge, the complex remains faithful to Bootons vision of "fanciful forest retreats."</p><br>
<h3>Lodge</h3><br>
<p>The lodge was the first structure to be completed at the site.</p><br>
<h4>Exterior</h4><br>
<p>The lodge building at White Pines is really a combination of two buildings connected by a covered breezeway. The north building contains the lounge and the south building a dining room and kitchen. Both rectangular lodge buildings are of unhewn pine log construction and set on a limestone base. Gable roofs are covered with wood shakes and supported by exposed interior log rafters. Both of the buildings have stone chimneys extending from the large stone fireplaces which form the interior focal point. The building almost comprehensively makes use of wooden logs in its construction, the only non-wood part of the lodge, and for that matter, the cabins, are its stone fireplaces and chimneys.</p><br>
<h3>Cabins</h3><br>
<p>The cabins, constructed after initial construction at the lodge was completed, are laid out in a circular pattern north of the lodge. The whole cabin area is ringed by a blacktop road and is set in a stand of white pines.</p><br>
<h4>Exterior</h4><br>
<p>The northern three cabins are the larger of the sixteen structures, being family units with multiple rooms. The remaining thirteen cabins are single room buildings. Like the lodge they are of largely unhewn log construction and feature stone chimneys extending from their roofs.</p><br>
<p>Carter Lake is a shallow oxbow lake in Nebraska and Iowa, located next to Omaha and Carter Lake. Soon after its formation the lake was called the East Omaha Lake, and then Lake Nakoma.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Carter Lake is a former channel of the Missouri River and was formed in the summer of 1877. The city of Carter Lake, Iowa takes its name from the lake. The lake was formed from the Saratoga Bend in the Missouri River.</p><br>
<p>The Saratoga Bend was the impetus for the creation of the town of Saratoga, Nebraska Territory, a short mile from the river. However, the Bend was cut off from the river after a flood in 1877. A beach resort with a large boathouse and two-story pavilion, a Rod and Gun Club, and a YMCA camp had all settled on the shores of Lake Nakoma by 1906.</p><br>
<p>The Carter Lake and Levi Carter Park at 3100 Abbott Drive were named after one of Omaha&#39;s original industrialists named Levi Carter, who ran a white lead smelter in the area.</p><br>
<p>The Moultrie County Courthouse is the only site in Moultrie County, Illinois that is listed on the National Register of Historic Places. Located in the county seat of Sullivan, the courthouse has been listed since 1995.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>Earlier courthouses</h3><br>
<p>Moultrie County, Illinois was first settled around 1820. By 1842, local residents wanted a more local representation in government, That Fall, residents presented a petition to the state government to form a new county out of parts of Shelby and Coles Counties. The county was officially formed on February 16, 1843; it was named after Col. William Moultrie. East Nelson was chosen as the first county seat, but residents could not agree on a suitable location for the courthouse. The county held a second election for county seat and Asa&#39;s Point, which would thenceforth be known as Sullivan, was chosen as the site. The first courthouse was built in 1847. It was destroyed in a fire on November 25, 1864. The next year, plans were made for a new courthouse, built with local materials. It was completed in 1866. In 1896, the north side of the courthouse was host to a lynching. Grant Atteberry was imprisoned under accusations that he assaulted a local woman. An angry mob stormed the courthouse and demanded that the sheriff release the man to their custody. The sheriff agreed and the man was hanged from a tree on the northwest corner of the courthouse lawn.</p><br>
<h3>Present courthouse</h3><br>
<p>By 1904, the courthouse was deemed too small for county needs and plans for a new courthouse were approved. Deal & Ginsel were selected as architects and H. B. Walters of Danville, Illinois was appointed contractor. Work started some time between August and December 1904 and the courthouse was completed on August 6, 1906. Since its completion, the building has housed functions of county government. Its Circuit Courtroom has been a popular location for community functions because of its large size. From about 1907 to 1930, the courthouse was home to the Moultrie County Farmers&#39; Institute, a popular three-day educational meeting co-sponsored by the University of Illinois College of Agriculture. The most noteworthy trial to take place was the embezzlement trial of Jimmy Steel and Z. B. Whitfield of the Merchants & Farmers State Bank in 1921. On April 20, 1995, the building was recognized by the National Park Service with a listing on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>The John Deere House and Shop is located in the unincorporated village of Grand Detour, Illinois, near the Lee County city of Dixon. The site is known as the location where the first steel plow was invented by John Deere in 1837. The site includes Deere&#39;s house, a replica of his original blacksmith shop, a gift shop, and an archaeological exhibit showing the excavation site of his original blacksmith shop. The Deere House and Shop is listed on the National Register of Historic Places; it joined that list in 1966, the year the Register was established. Prior to that, it was designated a National Historic Landmark on July 19, 1964.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>In 1836, native Vermonter John Deere set out from Rutland, Vermont to Grand Detour, Illinois, founded by his friend and fellow Vermont native Leonard Andrus. The town lacked a local blacksmith, Deere&#39;s trade, and within two days Deere had a forge and new business established. In Vermont, Deere produced plows made from cast-iron and when he first arrived in Illinois he produced the same plows. Soil conditions in Illinois differ from those in Vermont. In Vermont the soil is sandy and falls easily away from the plow blade but in Illinois the soil is thicker and wetter; it stuck to the plow and had to be scraped off by the farmer as he plowed.</p><br>
<p>There are varying tales as to the inspiration for Deere to create the invention he is famed for, the steel plow. In one version he recalled the way the polished steel pitchfork tines moved through hay and soil and thought that the same effect could be obtained for a plow. By early 1838, Deere completed his first steel plow and sold it to a local farmer, Lewis Crandall. Crandall spread word of his success with Deere&#39;s plow quickly, and two neighbors soon placed orders with Deere. By 1841 he was manufacturing 75 plows per year, and 100 plows per year in 1876.</p><br>
<h2>John Deere Historic Site</h2><br>
<p>The John Deere Historic Site in Grand Detour, Illinois is operated by the John Deere Company and has five components. Outside of the perimeter, which is surrounded by a white, wooden fence, are 2 acre of prairie restoration. Inside of the fenced area is the replica blacksmith shop, the John Deere House and the visitors center which is a gift shop. Also on the grounds is a building which houses the 1960s archaeological dig site. The blacksmith shop is a replica of the original Deere Shop, unearthed during the 1960s dig. The shop recreates Deeres shop and includes a demonstration by a modern blacksmith using antique tools of the trade and an open furnace. The visitor&#39;s center is inside an 1843 home built by a Deere neighbor, it houses a gift shop which has an original Deere family wall clock on display. The home was originally owned by William Dana.</p><br>
<p>Part of the John Deere Historic Site is listed on the National Register of Historic Places along with being designated a National Historic Landmark. The only contributing property on the National Register listing for the site is the John Deere House. The house is also the only "property type" listed on the National Historic Landmarks&#39; online database entry for the site. The house obtained National Historic Landmark status on July 19, 1964 and was added to the National Register of Historic Places soon after its inception on October 15, 1966.</p><br>
<h2>House</h2><br>
<p>The John Deere House was built in 1836 when Deere arrived in Grand Detour and the building was added onto as his family grew. It is furnished with period furniture and household objects that would have been common around the time the Deere family occupied the home. The house has two levels with four rooms on the main level and two rooms upstairs. Each of the upstairs rooms is accessible via a private staircase and it is believed one of the rooms was used by Deeres apprentices while the other was used as a childrens bedroom.</p><br>
<p>The front entry leads into the living room where polished wood is found throughout as well as 19th century furnishings. The front room is part of the original building which consisted of one room. The room acted as the Deere&#39;s kitchen, living room, bedrooms, essentially everything. Deere eventually added onto the house, including a bedroom and an upstairs loft. The first floor bedroom would have been used for John and his wife, and possibly a couple of the children while the upstairs room would was used for the rest of the children. The Deeres left the home in 1847 when they moved to Moline, Illinois.</p><br>
<h2>Shop</h2><br>
<p>The original blacksmith shop on the site is long gone, however, in 1962 an archaeological team made of students from the University of Illinois approached the Deere Company about excavating the site where the shop once stood. The team unearthed the location of the original Deere Blacksmith Shop where the first successful steel plow was developed in 1837. The dig site is preserved beneath a building, known as the pavilion. The site is surrounded by museum exhibits which include artifacts, news clippings, and photographs.</p><br>
<p>A blacksmith shop does occupy the current John Deere Historic Site grounds. Archaeologists used a magnetometer to locate the position of the forge in the original blacksmith shop, thus, the current shop shares an interior which is an exact replica of the original. The exterior of the building has the same dimensions as the original as well.</p><br>
<h2>Historic significance</h2><br>
<p>The John Deere House and Shop is historically significant for its influence in the areas of commerce, agriculture, industry, and invention. The site was designated a USA National Historic Landmark on July 19, 1964. The Landmark designation was assigned by the USA Department of Interior because of the House and Shop&#39;s association with John Deere, founder of the John Deere Company and inventor of the first steel plow. His invention was of significance to the entire United States and made large scale cultivation of areas in Illinois, Indiana and Ohio possible. When the USA National Register of Historic Places was established in 1966 the John Deere House and Shop was among the first properties to join that list. It was added to the National Register on October 15, 1966, the same day the National Register was established.</p><br>
<p>The Soldiers Monument in Byron, Illinois, is a listing on the National Register of Historic Places. Located in Ogle County, Illinois, the monument is the city of Byrons only National Register listing.</p><br>
<h2>Monument</h2><br>
<p>The Soldiers Monument in Byron, Illinois is a marble spire located in the intersection of two streets. The monument was erected in 1866 and constructed by builders Heard and Lindsley. In 1877 the original spire was increased from 12 feet in height to 19 feet in height. Other alterations have taken place on the Soldiers Monument throughout the years.</p><br>
<p>In 1897 the two cannons were added as was a cement base, two years later a lightning strike caused damage that had to be repaired. In 1918 the eagle atop the original spire was broken off in a tornado and in 1965 a new cement base was added. The original spire featured an eagle atop the point. After damage to the original spire and the first replacement, the decision was made to exclude the eagle (which significantly increased the cost of the spire) in the most recent replacement made.</p><br>
<h2>Significance</h2><br>
<p>The Soldier&#39;s Monument was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on September 7, 1984 for its significant connection to social history.</p><br>
<p>The William Moats Farm, near Ashton, Illinois, United States, is listed on the National Register of Historic Places. Located in Ogle County, Illinois, the farm is the only National Register listing in or around Ashton.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The William Moats Farm house is an example of an I-house style construction. the house was built around 1844 and designed by an architect named Stoddard. The Moats House sits on a stone foundation and is constructed from mostly stone, but incorporates weatherboard and brick into its construction as well.</p><br>
<h2>Outbuildings</h2><br>
<p>The National Register of Historic Places listing for William Moats Farm includes the house and three other contributing properties. A smoke house is on the property, it was built, along with the house, in 1844. A gable-roofed barn was erected on the property in 1900 and is clad in weatherboard. A third structure, classified as an "energy facility", the windmill, was built in 1930.</p><br>
<h2>Significance</h2><br>
<p>The William Moats Farm was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on February 12, 1987 for its significance in the areas of agriculture and architecture.</p><br>
<p>Loch Arkaig  is a body of freshwater in Lochaber, Scotland, to the west of the Great Glen. It is approximately 12 miles in length and lies 140 feet above sea level, the maximum depth is some 300 feet.</p><br>
<p>The main tributaries are the Dessarry and the Pean which flow through the glens of the same names, falling into the loch at the extreme west end, by the settlement of Strathan. The mountains of Lochaber lie to the north, and the Forest of Locheil to the south. The outflow is through the River Arkaig at the extreme east of the loch, which flows eastwards into Loch Lochy, passing Achnacarry.</p><br>
<p>Two small islands lie at the eastern end of the loch, the larger of which, Island Columbkill, or Eilean Loch Airceig, is the site of a ruined chapel dedicated to St Columba which is the former burial ground of the Camerons of Locheil. A road from the Great Glen follows the north shore of the loch to Strathan where paths lead on to Knoydart, Glenfinnan and Loch Morar.</p><br>
<p>In 1746, Jacobite funds were said to have been hidden here (see Loch Arkaig treasure).</p><br>
<p>In common with a number of other Scottish lochs, Loch Arkaig was at one time supposed to be the home of a water horse. James Harris, 3rd Earl of Malmesbury and twice foreign minister during Queen Victoria&#39;s reign, recorded in his Memoirs of an Ex-Minister:</p><br>
<p>Aetorrachi  is a settlement and a community in the municipal unit of Vouprasia, Elis Greece. It is located in the hills of northern Elis, 3 km east of Borsi, 14 km southeast of Varda and 30 km north of Pyrgos. It is close to the northern shore of the Pineios reservoir, and south of the Movri hills. Its population in 2001 was 92 for the village, and 224 for the community, which includes the village Dafni.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The village was founded during the Ottoman Era and was known as Valaka (Greek: Βάλακα), named after the Turkish chief Valak Agaş. After the Greek War of Independence of 1821, the Ottoman rule came to an end, and the Turks fled the area.</p><br>
<p>Aetorrachi became a community, together with the neighboring village of Kompothekra (which was renamed to Dafni in 1955). Aetorrachi was renamed in 1957 to Aetorrachi. In 1997, under the Kapodistrias Law, the area became a municipal district of the municipality of Vouprasia.</p><br>
<h2>Population</h2><br>
<p>The Nazareth Convent and Academy in Concordia, Kansas is the official Motherhouse and Home for the 160 Sisters of St. Joseph of Concordia. It was built in 1903 and is listed in the National Register of Historic Places. The beautiful Lourdes-Park, restored in 1990, offers a place for walking and enjoying nature and the large stained glass window is known as "the beacon light of Concordia" as it looks over the community from the convent.</p><br>
<h2>Early years</h2><br>
<p>In 1884, the Rev. Joseph Perrier invited the Sisters of St. Joseph to come to Concordia to open a school in the Catholic Parish. Mother Stanislaus Leary, superior, and five sisters answered the invitation. They came to Concordia and established the Nazareth Motherhouse and Academy in a new building located next to the church.</p><br>
<p>The cornerstone ceremony was held on May 15, 1902. The main building was completed in late June 1903 and a section known as the Music Hall was added in 1906. 1908 saw the edition of a Chapel wing to the east end of the building.</p><br>
<h3>St. Joseph's Hospital</h3><br>
<p>The year 1903 brought the St. Joseph&#39;s Hospital. The order founded the hospital in the building which had been used for the academy after it had been moved to its location in the newly built Mother House. The hospital would change locations again in 1950 to a new building.</p><br>
<p>The sisters added a school of nursing in 1919 and continued in Concordia until Marymount College in Salina (another project of the Sisters of St. Joseph) introduced a complete nursing school in 1964.</p><br>
<h3>Education</h3><br>
<p>The sisters quickly gained a fine reputation for the education of young women at Nazareth, giving them a sound academic program as well as instruction in the fine arts, music, French and the social graces. In 1903, the Sisters of St. Joseph entered the health care field in Concordia with the establishment of the St. Joseph Hospital on the original site after the new Nazareth Motherhouse was built at its present location.</p><br>
<h2>Present day</h2><br>
<p>The Sisters of St. Joseph remain active to this day.</p><br>
<p>The Snake River Ranch, near Wilson, Wyoming, is the largest deeded ranch in the Jackson Hole area. The ranch buildings are grouped into three complexes comprising headquarters, residential and shop complexes. The ranch combined two neighboring homesteads and was first owned by advertising executive Stanley B. Resor and his wife, Helen Lansdowne Resor. The Resors used the property as a vacation home, but the ranch was also a full-time, self-sustaining operation.</p><br>
<p>The ranch could produce its own food, water and electricity. It became significant for the Resors&#39; employment of notable architects, include Mies van der Rohe, and the wide variety of celebrity visitors it attracted. The Snake River Ranch was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2004.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Resors primary home was in Greenwich, Connecticut, convenient to the JWT offices in New York City. In 1929 Stanley and Helens twelve-year-old son Stanley Rogers Resor spent part of the summer in Jackson Hole with the Huyler family, who had bought a ranch on the Snake River. The younger Stanleys enthusiasm about his experience led his father to buy 400 acre of land, sight unseen. The entire family arrived in 1930 to see one pre-existing cabin, a barn, and what would become known as the One-Room Cabin and the Parking Lot Cabin. The family was enthusiastic about the ranch, tempered by Helens preference for New York. To begin expanding the ranch the Resors hired architect Paul Colborn of New Canaan, Connecticut to design a new main house. Work was well under way by the end of the summer, and Colborn ended up buying land for himself as well, which became known as the Aspen Ranch. The Resor property reputedly had the first flush toilets in Jackson Hole, as well as electricity generated on site.</p><br>
<p>Stanley Resor became enthusiastic about building a functioning ranch operation. During 1931 Resor established the ranch as a self-sustaining unit. He pulled down the old barn and hired landscape architect Isabelle Pendleton to lay out the headquarters complex. In 1933 a water wheel was added to the side of the ranch&#39;s pumphouse, which proved troublesome when it froze in the winter. In 1938 a Fitz turbine was installed in its place, to provide electricity, and was not retired until 1955. In the late 1930s the ranch infrastructure was further developed with the building of the shop complex.</p><br>
<h3>Mies van der Rohe</h3><br>
<p>In 1936 the Resors built the White Cabin for guest quarters. The White Cabin was designed by Philip Goodwin, who worked with Edward Durrell Stone on the Museum of Modern Art, and was on the board of directors of MOMA along with Helen Lansdowne Resor. The cabins white interior lent it its name. Soon after, Helen asked architect Mark Peters, a relative of one of the younger Resors school classmates, to "design a building in the style of Le Corbusier". The dining room, as it was called, was to span the mill stream, the arm of the Snake River that fed the power turbine, resting on four concrete piers. At some point Helen Resor lost confidence in the Peters design and sought another architect. She apparently turned to MOMA director Alfred Barr for advice. As a result of internal divisions within the MOMA board, which was divided between a faction led by Abby Rockefeller who supported Stone and Goodwin for the new MOMA building and a faction led by Barr and Resor who supported Ludwig Mies van der Rohe, Helen Resor hired Mies to complete the dining room, his first project in the United States. The Resors also considered Walter Gropius but settled on Mies as a more practical choice. In summer 1937 the Resors met Mies in Paris, and he accompanied them back across the Atlantic for his first trip to the United States, stopping in Chicago before going on the Wyoming. Mies stayed in the White Cabin, sharing it for a time with artist Grant Wood, a figurative painter of American themes. Mies stayed for two months before moving back to Chicago to be offered the directorship of the Armour Institute of Technology.</p><br>
<p>Back in Chicago, Mies developed elaborate plans for a two-story building connecting the banks of the stream using long floor-to-ceiling windows. The only concession Mies made to the Western aesthetic of the ranch was to use wood to clad the building, for the first and only time in his career. However, rather than the Resors preferred local lodgepole pine, Mies settled on cypress. Mies did choose to use local fieldstone for the ground-level walls, the fireplace and central stairs. By March 1938, Mies was returning to Germany on the RMS Queen Mary when he received notice from Stanley Resor that the project was canceled, citing "business conditions". Resor suggested that the project might continue if Mies returned to the United States and worked with an American architect familiar with American construction practices. The project was projected to cost more than twice its budget, and there were technical difficulties with the proposed glazing. By fall 1938, Mies had returned to Chicago and had resumed work on the project, scaling it back somewhat, but it was finally canceled. Whatever the outcome of the design work at the Resors ranch, the project played a significant role in Mies&#39; departure from Germany just prior to the outbreak of war with a regime that was hostile to Modernist architecture.</p><br>
<h2>Ranch operations</h2><br>
<p>Stanley Resor developed the ranch into an efficient operation that could run without his direct management. By 1938 Resor&#39;s holdings included the Lower Ranch, 14 mi south of Wilson, Wyoming (actually two ranches), and four more in the main valley, all totaling 5,100 acre, second only to the Snake River Land Company.</p><br>
<p>A major flood in 1943 was the result of water unexpectedly released by Jackson Lake Dam. The flood destroyed the millstream headgate and the power house, and flooded the White Cabin with 2 ft of water. The piers for the proposed dining room were upset. Had the dining room addition been built, it would have been damaged or destroyed. As a result of the flood Resor, on the advice of Arthur Ernest Morgan, consulted with engineer C.C. Chambers, who designed a dike system for the ranch. The dike project was hampered by a wartime labor shortage, which affected ranch operations as well. Resor increasingly mechanized the ranch as a result.</p><br>
<p>By the time of Stanley Resor&#39;s death in 1962, the operation was mature. The ranch remains in the Resor family.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The ranch is functionally divided into three sections.</p><br>
<h3>Shop complex</h3><br>
<p>The shop complex is at the north end of the site. The complex is the location of the headgate inlet from the Snake River to the ranch&#39;s irrigation ditch. Structures include the</p><br>
<p>Cowboy Barn (Harnessing Barn) 1931-1937</p><br>
<p>Scale House</p><br>
<p>Dipping Vat, late 1930s</p><br>
<p>Snake River Dike and Heagate, constructed after flooding in 1943</p><br>
<p>Calving Barn (Vet Shack)</p><br>
<p>Fuel Shed (Turkey Coop), early 1930s</p><br>
<h3>Ranch Headquarters Complex</h3><br>
<p>The ranch headquarters complex is the next compound to the south and is arranged in a rectangle around a central open area. The site and buildings were designed by architect Isabelle Pendleton to frame a view of the Teton Range.</p><br>
<p>Root Cellar</p><br>
<p>Potting Shed</p><br>
<p>Blacksmith Shop&#39;</p><br>
<p>Office (Bunkhouse) (1935, rebuilt in the 1970s after a fire, non-contributing due to recent construction compared to other elements)</p><br>
<p>Woodshed (Coal House)</p><br>
<p>Manager&#39;s House, 1931</p><br>
<p>Ice House, 1933</p><br>
<p>Milk House, 1931</p><br>
<p>Turbine House and Dam, 1938</p><br>
<p>Penthouse (Old Shop and Bunkhouse). 1943</p><br>
<p>Main Barn, 1931</p><br>
<p>Saddle House</p><br>
<h3>Residential Complex</h3><br>
<p>The southernmost group of buildings was used for family and guest quarters.</p><br>
<p>Main Cabin, designed by Paul Colborn</p><br>
<p>Kitchen Cabin, 1916–1917, expanded 1930s and 1960s.</p><br>
<p>White Cabin, 1936, designed by Philip L. Goodwin</p><br>
<p>Parking Lot Cabin, 1930</p><br>
<p>Swimming Pool, circa 1936</p><br>
<p>Mies van der Rohe building piers, intended to support a dining room spanning the mill stream designed by Ludwig Mies van der Rohe. The piers are 40 ft long, 3 ft thick and 30 ft from their below-grade bearing to the top. The piers were to support a two-story structure. The building project was halted in 1938 and damaged by flooding in 1943.</p><br>
<h2>Notable visitors</h2><br>
<p>Peter Blume</p><br>
<p>George H. W. Bush (at about age 17)</p><br>
<p>Lawrence Ferlinghetti</p><br>
<p>Allen Ginsberg</p><br>
<p>Herbert Hoover (post-presidential)</p><br>
<p>Peter Hurd</p><br>
<p>Ludwig Mies van der Rohe</p><br>
<p>Charles M. Rose</p><br>
<p>Valentino Sarra</p><br>
<p>Grant Wood</p><br>
<p>Benjamin E. Levi and Daniel F. Levi, sons of John G. Levi</p><br>
<h2>Conservation</h2><br>
<p>In December 2007 the Hauge, Laughlin and Resor families donated conservation easements totaling 360 acre on the north side of Munger Mountain to the Jackson Hole Land Trust, adjoining a previous 80 acre easement. The lands came from the Lower Snake River Ranch property. The family has also negotiated with the National Park Service to sell 208 acre of inholdings to Grand Teton National Park.</p><br>
<p>Panum Crater is a volcanic cone that is part of the Mono-Inyo Craters, a chain of recent volcanic cones south of Mono Lake and east of the Sierra Nevada, in California, United States. Panum Crater is between 600 and 700 years old, and it exhibits all of the characteristics of the textbook rhyolitic lava dome.</p><br>
<p>Rhyolitic volcanoes are characterized by having large amounts of silica (quartz) in their lava. The content of silica at Panum is about 76 percent. It makes the lava very viscous, or thick, and very glassy. Products of this rhyolitic eruption are pumice and obsidian, the volcanic glass that Native Americans used to make arrow points and scrapers.</p><br>
<p>Panum Crater formed in a sequence of events. The first event was caused by magma rising from deep within the Earth&#39;s crust. When this extremely hot, liquid rock made contact with water just below the surface, the water expanded into steam and a large, violent eruption occurred. The material that was thrown into the air by the steam, mainly old lake bottom sediments, was deposited around the new vent in little mounds. So much debris was blown out that a gaping crater was left behind.</p><br>
<p>Once this debris was blown out, a fountain of cinders shot up a great distance into the sky. As this huge amount of ash and pumice began to fall back towards the earth, it formed a pumice ring, or cinder cone, about the original vent. This cinder cone is still visible today.</p><br>
<p>Following the violent eruptions of the first two phases, the remainder of the thick magma slowly rose to the surface in a series of domes. Each dome began with an outpouring of the viscous, rhyolitic lava which hardened and formed a cap over the vent. As magma continued to push up, the cap (or dome) shattered and fell to the outside of the newly formed dome. This happened so many times that a new mountain was created out of these broken pieces, called crumble breccia. The mountain continued to build in this manner until the force within the volcano weakened and no more new domes formed. The final one still stands today.</p><br>
<p>As the final dome hardened, a period of spire building began. Thick lava pushed up through cracks of the hardening dome and formed castle-like spires. If you can imagine toothpaste squeezing through the opening of a tube and forming a small tower before it topples over, you can imagine how these spires form. Most of the spires at Panum fell over and broke because of their rapid cooling and because of many small explosions at their bases. Most of the rocky debris you see at the top of the dome is the remains of spires that have crumbled.</p><br>
<p>The central lava dome was erupted from degassed material and is made up of pumice and obsidian of the same composition. The difference between the two has to do with gas escaping as the magma cooled. The magma that created the dome had dissolved gas in it, like a bottle of seltzer water. As the magma rose towards the surface where there was less pressure on it than at depth, the gas expanded producing the holes (bubbles) you see in the pumice. The magma that remained pressurized while it cooled quickly or that had already lost its gas, formed the obsidian.</p><br>
<p>Flow banding containing both obsidian and pumice is common at Panum Crater. Another common texture, called breadcrust, can also be seen in the dome. Breadcrust textures form when the inside of a cooling rock is still hot with gas escaping from it while the outside surface has already cooled. As the gas expands from the inside, the outside surface cracks to allow the gas to escape.</p><br>
<p>Quilotoa is a water-filled caldera and the most western volcano in the Ecuadorian Andes. The 3 km-wide caldera was formed by the collapse of this dacite volcano following a catastrophic VEI-6 eruption about 800 years ago, which produced pyroclastic flows and lahars that reached the Pacific Ocean, and spread an airborne deposit of volcanic ash throughout the northern Andes. This last eruption followed a dormancy period of 14,000 years and is known as the 1280 Plinian eruption. The fourth  eruptive phase was phreatomagmatic, indicating that a Crater lake was already present at that time. The caldera has since accumulated a 250 m deep crater lake, which has a greenish color as a result of dissolved minerals. Fumaroles are found on the lake floor and hot springs occur on the eastern flank of the volcano.</p><br>
<p>Quilotoa is a tourist site of growing popularity. The route to the "summit" (the small town of Quilotoa) is generally traveled by hired truck or bus from the town of Zumbahua 17 km to the South, or more commonly by bus from Latacunga. Visitors no longer have to pay two US dollars each to look from the lip of the caldera. There are a number of simple hostels in the immediate area offering services such as mules and guides. Activities include a four to five-hour hike around the caldera (whose diameter is just over 3 km). The caldera rim is highly irregular and reaches its maximum elevations (3810 m to the N, 3894 m to the NW and 3915 m to the SE) at three lava domes. The 10 km hike is sandy and steep in places and can be quite taxing, particularly if there is fog.</p><br>
<p>It&#39;s a half-hour hike down from the viewpoint (and 1-2 hour hike back up the 280-meter vertical ascent), and very basic lodging down in its bowl. Camping is permitted at the bottom of the crater, but there is no potable water (except half-litre bottles sold at the hostel), and only a single pit toilet, located in the hostel.</p><br>
<p>The lake surface is located at 3,500 m asl. The total volume of water stored in Lake Quilotoa is 0.35 km3. According to local inhabitants, the lake level has been slowly declining over the</p><br>
<p>last 10 years. Travertine deposits occur along the shore up to 10 m above the lake level (in the year 2000).</p><br>
<p>The village of Quilotoa and the associated crater is also a popular destination within the Quilotoa Loop and is a common starting point for the Quilotoa Traverse, a multi-day village to village hiking route.</p><br>
<p>Mount Brew is a rounded mountain in southwestern British Columbia, Canada, located 18 km southwest of Whistler in the Pacific Ranges of the Coast Mountains. A public cabin run by the Varsity Outdoor Club, Brew Hut, is located near the summit. The alpine area is a popular destination for hiking in the summer and backcountry ski touring in the winter and spring.</p><br>
<p>Mount Brew is a volcanic feature in the Mount Cayley volcanic field of the central Garibaldi Volcanic Belt of the Canadian Cascade Arc. It formed during the Pleistocene period when volcanic activity in this area occurred under glacial ice during the last glacial period. Although it had a vigorous start, the eruption that formed Mount Brew was not sufficiently sustained to form a larger edifice that could break through the surrounding ice and water to form a tuya. Instead, the eruption produced a subglacial mound.</p><br>
<p>Loch Ailort  is a sea loch in Morar, Lochaber, Highland, Scotland. Loch Ailort is a shallow V shaped loch, with the small Ardnish Peninsula on the north side, and the large southwest facing Moidart Peninsula to the south. Loch Ailort is bounded in the northeast by the settlement of the same name, Lochailort and in the west, opening out into the Sound of Arisaig. To the north of the loch lies Loch Nan Uamh.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>The northern coastline is overlooked by the hill Cruach An Aonaich, that is situated at the centre of the V shape of the loch, and the ridge of An t Aonach which follows the coastline northeast to the edge of the loch, where the ridge flattens out to sea level. The southern coastline is dominated by the fine cone shaped former volcano of An Stac, which is a Corbett and overlooks Lochailort to the north. Further behind An Stac to south, and overlooking the great expanse of the sea loch, is the west facing ridge that is made up of the Sgurr na Ba Glaise in the east followed by Rois-Bhein and Cruach Doir&#39;an Raoigh, which are also, all Corbetts.</p><br>
<h2>Islands</h2><br>
<p>Loch Ailort has a number of islands. At the entrance to the loch is two islands. Eilean nan Gobhar, or Eilean na Gour at the south of the loch mouth, and the other is Eilean á Chaolis. Eilean nan Gobhar, is famous for two vitrified forts. Further to the west lies the island of Eilean Buidhe, which lies at the centre of the channel and marks the point the sea loch turns northeast, for the upswing of the V shape. Further northeast, and visible from the village of Lochailort is the small mid channel island grouping of Eilean Dubh.</p><br>
<h2>Settlements</h2><br>
<p>Loch Ailort is remote and its coastline is only sparsely populated. At the head of the loch lies the hamlet of Lochailort. To the north, the Ardnish peninsula is mostly empty, apart from the occasional farmhouse or hunting lodge. The southern coastline contains Alisary in the east and Roshven in the west. Further west, lying outside the mouth of the sea loch, lies the hamlet of Glenuig</p><br>
<p>Hedgehope Hill is a mountain in the Cheviot Hills of North Northumberland in North East England and categorised as a Hewitt.</p><br>
<p>At a height of 714 m and a distance of about 3 mi from the Scottish border, it is best climbed from Langleeford in the Harthorpe Valley, over which it looms. A slightly gentler climb, though a longer distance, is from Linhope in the Breamish valley, approaching from the south east. An alternative route to the summit could involve a long day&#39;s climb of both the Cheviot and Hedgehope Hill starting and finishing at Langleeford. It is a steep climb from any approach, best reserved for fitter walkers though the steepest inclines are not long in distance.</p><br>
<p>Hedgehope has steeper sides than the taller but flatter-topped Cheviot and affords excellent views on all sides. On a clear day, views stretch to Blyth down the coastline up to 40 mi away.</p><br>
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<p>The Kohnstein is a hill, 2 kilometres southwest of the village of Niedersachswerfen and 3 kilometres northwest of the centre of the town of Nordhausen. Gypsum mining created tunnels in the hill that were later used as a fuel/chemical depot and for Nazi Germany factories, including the Mittelwerk V-2 rocket factory that used Mittelbau-Dora slave labour.</p><br>
<h2>Chronology</h2><br>
<p>1917–1934: The Badische Anilin- und Soda-Fabrik (BASF) purchased the property and mined anhydrite for gypsum.</p><br>
<p>1935 summer: At the suggestion of IG Farben, the Wirtschaftliche Forschungsgesellschaft (WIFO) (Economic Research Company)</p><br>
<p>investigated the mine to centralize a fuel and chemical depot.</p><br>
<p>1936: Wifo took over the mines to create a highly secret central petroleum reserve. The Government&#39;s Industrial Research Association invested some effort in adapting the tunnels and galleries for the storage of critical chemicals like tetra-ethyl-lead (petroleum anti-knock).</p><br>
<p>1937–1940: Wifo phases I and II to extend the tunnels were completed, and the site stored oil, gasoline, and chemicals; as well as stockpiles of chemical poisons.</p><br>
<p>1943 July (mid): A production planner for Gerhard Degenkolb (i.e., the A-4 Special Committee), Paul Figge, determined that the site seemed ideal for A-4 production, but Hermann Göring initially forbade the use for missile production (Hitler overruled).</p><br>
<p>1943 August (end): The Armaments Ministry seized the facility from Hermann Göring&#39;s Four-Year Plan organization.</p><br>
<p>1943 November (late): Mittelwerk GmbH leased the Kohnstein mine from Wifo, the owner.</p><br>
<p>1943 September early: Albin Sawatzki, Arthur Rudolph, and about ten engineers moved to the Nordhausen plant from Peenemünde.</p><br>
<p>1943 September: Conversion of tunnels for V-2 rocket production was started.</p><br>
<p>1944 Spring: Ventilation and heating construction was completed.</p><br>
<p>1944 May or June: Mittelwerk had to compress all its facilities into tunnels 21-46, disrupting production.</p><br>
<p>1945 April 11: After previously entering the Nordhausen plant from the North through the Junkers Nordwerke, 3rd US Armored and 104th Infantry Divisions reached the town of Nordhausen on 11 April 1945 and discovered the dead and sick of the Boelcke Kaserne barracks at Mittelbau-Dora.</p><br>
<p>1945 June: The US Army left the Nordhausen plant as required by JCS Directive 1067/14, with parts, machine tools, and documents (including blueprints for the projected A-9/A-10 intercontinental missile) left for the Soviets.</p><br>
<p>1948 Summer: The Soviet army demolished both of the entrances of the tunnel system</p><br>
<p>1995: A new entrance tunnel was dug to former rail Tunnel A. Subsequently a section of 710 m of the tunnel system was opened for visitors.</p><br>
<p>After the 1990 reunification of Germany, the tunnels were frequently looted by treasure seekers who gained access via the private mine in the north of the Kohnstein. Large parts of the system are flooded by ground water, while other parts have collapsed. Willi Kramer, a German archaeologist and scientist who dived in the tunnel system in 1992 and 1998, estimated that 70 tons of material was stolen. Access through these entrances was secured not until 2004, when the mine went into insolvency.</p><br>
<h2>Tourism and walking</h2><br>
<p>In 1366 the Hohnstein counts had the Schnabelsburg (a castle, later a daytrippers restaurant) built on the Kohnstein. At Maienkopf there was an open-air stage from 1934 which had 500 seats. In more recent times the Kaiser Way (an old military road or Heerstraße) runs along the Kohnstein. Nearby is the Karst Trail. Around 550 metres east of the summit and about 600 metres northwest of the former Mittelbau-Dora concentration camp is an open area in the woods where several trails meet and known as the Komödienplatz. The Komödienplatz hosts the May festivals of Nordhausen Grammar School (Nordhäuser Gymnasium), founded in 1835; schoolchildren put on Latin comedies.</p><br>
<p>North Brother is a mountain located in Baxter State Park, Piscataquis County, Maine. North Brother is flanked to the northeast by Fort Mountain, and to the southwest by South Brother; collectively the two are called "The Brothers."</p><br>
<p>The south and east sides of North Brother drains into a swampy area called "The Klondike", then into Wassataquoik Stream, the East Branch of the Penobscot River, and into Penobscot Bay. The north and west sides of North Brother drain into Little Nesowadnehunk Stream, Nesowadnehunk Stream, and the West Branch of the Penobscot River.</p><br>
<p>The Appalachian Trail, a 2,170 mi National Scenic Trail from Georgia to Maine, reaches its northern terminus, on the summit of Mount Katahdin, 5 mile to the southeast of The Brothers.</p><br>
<p>South Brother is a mountain located in Piscataquis County, Maine, in Baxter State Park. South Brother is flanked to the southwest by Mount Coe, and to the northeast by North Brother; collectively the two are called "The Brothers".</p><br>
<p>South Brother stands within the watershed of the Penobscot River, which drains into Penobscot Bay. The northeast and southeast sides of South Brother drain into a swampy area called "The Klondike", then into Wassataquoik Stream, and the East Branch of the Penobscot River. The west sides of South Brother drain into Roaring Brook, Nesowadnehunk Stream, and the West Branch of the Penobscot River.</p><br>
<p>The Appalachian Trail, a 2,170 mi National Scenic Trail from Georgia to Maine, reaches it northern terminus, Mount Katahdin, 5 mi to the southeast of The Brothers.</p><br>
<p>Cézembre is an island in Brittany, in the Ille-et-Vilaine département of France, near Saint-Malo. The island is uninhabited, with a surface area of approximately 18 hectares , a length of 750 m, and a maximum width of 250 m.</p><br>
<p>The island features a fine sandy beach facing Saint-Malo on the south, and a steep and rocky coast around the rest of the island. As elsewhere in northern Brittany, the tidal range is among the highest in the world. Until the seventeenth century it was possible to reach the island at low tide on foot from Saint Malo.</p><br>
<p>The island&#39;s beach is popular in summer with visitors arriving by yacht or motorboat and there are infrequent excursions from St-Malo, although landing is not possible except at high tide. A small restaurant serves lunches and prebooking is essential.</p><br>
<p>Cézembre was inhabited by a number of hermits over the centuries, and featured a monastery for a time. There were also five small chapels. Vauban fortified the island at the end of the seventeenth century, and it was used thereafter as a place of quarantine. During World War I, the Belgian Army installed a disciplinary company on Cézembre.</p><br>
<h2>World War Two</h2><br>
<p>During World War II, the Germans and Italians strengthened the islands fortifications as part of the Atlantic Wall. The Italian contingent was made up of two officers and just over one hundred sailors, included in the Divisione Atlantica of the Repubblica Sociale Italiana. The Normandy campaign in the summer of 1944 saw the German-Italian garrison heavily bombarded by land artillery, naval artillery, and air strikes, including some of the first uses of napalm bombs. The islands garrison eventually surrendered to elements of the USA 83rd Infantry Division on.</p><br>
<h2>Post-war</h2><br>
<p>As a result of this intense Allied bombardment, Cézembre&#39;s landscape is barren and pitted, although natural vegetation is returning. The island has not yet been completely demined, and for this reason most of the island other than the beach constitutes a zone interdite (prohibited zone), with a barbed-wire fence and warning notices.</p><br>
<p>The micronation of Talossa claims Cézembre as part of its territory.</p><br>
<p>Mystic Lake is an ephemeral lake in the San Jacinto Valley of western Riverside County, California. It is located east of Lake Perris, between Moreno Valley and San Jacinto.</p><br>
<h2>Shrinking</h2><br>
<p>The lake lies within the outlet area of the San Jacinto River and is typically full only during late winter and spring when the river is flowing. In recent years, the lake has decreased from thousands of acres to under 200 acre. If dry conditions persist, experts speculate that the it will dry up altogether, becoming an ephemeral lake.</p><br>
<p>This is a part of a cycle of flooding and receding that the lake has gone through over hundreds and thousands of years.</p><br>
<h2>Juan Bautista de Anza Anza Trail</h2><br>
<p>The Anza Trail passes by the lake, which was described by Juan Bautista de Anza in 1774 as "several leagues in circumference and as full of white geese as water." Anza named it Laguna de Bucareli, after Antonio María de Bucareli y Ursúa, the viceroy of New Spain. Much later, it became known as Mystic Lake.</p><br>
<h2>San Jacinto Wildlife Area</h2><br>
<p>The lake is adjacent to the 9,000–acre San Jacinto Wildlife Area, which is owned and managed by the California Department of Fish and Wildlife and open to the public. It features restored wetlands and wildlife habitat. Mystic Lake is a high priority acquisition area for the DFG to add to the Wildlife Area. It is a popular destination for bird-watchers and hunters.</p><br>
<p>The Cumberland County Courthouse, located in Courthouse Square in Toledo, is the county courthouse of Cumberland County, Illinois. Built in 1887&ndash;88, the building is Cumberland Countys second courthouse. The first courthouse, located at the same site as the current one, was built in 1856 and burned in 1885. The second courthouse was designed by architects S. S. Goehring and L.L. Pierson. The buildings design features a central clock tower, arched entrances on the east and west sides, column-supported balconies above the entrances, and a balustrade along the roofline. The building has continuously served as the seat of county government since its opening.</p><br>
<p>The courthouse was added to the National Register of Historic Places on June 11, 1981.</p><br>
<p>The Greenup Commercial Historic District is a historic district located in the business district of Greenup, Illinois. The district includes 40 buildings, of which 31 are considered contributing buildings to the district&#39;s historic character. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places on February 21, 1991.</p><br>
<p>Several of the businesses in the district feature overhanging porches on their front facades, lending Greenup the nickname "Village of Porches". The district includes Greenup&#39;s Carnegie library, which now houses the Cumberland County Military Museum. The Johnson Building, a commercial building and hotel constructed in 1895, is also located within the district; the building now serves as the Cumberland County Historical and Genealogical Museum.</p><br>
<p>The Arcola Carnegie Public Library is a Carnegie library located at 407 E. Main St. in Arcola, Illinois. The library was built in 1905 through a $10,000 grant from the Carnegie Foundation. Architect Paul O. Moratz designed the library in the Classical Revival style. The buildings front entrance is situated within a Classical gabled portico supported by stone pilasters. The hipped roof of the building features an ornamental cornice along its edge and a cupola at its peak. The building still serves as Arcolas public library and houses a collection of over 18,000 books.</p><br>
<p>The library was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2002. It is one of two sites on the National Register in Douglas County, along with the Streibich Blacksmith Shop in Newman.</p><br>
<p>The Streibich Blacksmith Shop is a historic blacksmith shop located at 1 N. Howard St. in Newman, Illinois. The shop was built in 1870 for local blacksmith Ignatius Streibich. Streibich&#39;s shop produced farming equipment and domestic items for residents of the area. In addition, Streibich started the first electric power plant in Douglas County in the shop in 1891. While the power plant only lasted a year, it provided a model for future electification efforts in Newman. Streibich retired in 1912, and his son Fred purchased the shop in 1916. Fred Streibich operated the blacksmith shop until his death in 1932. Machinist Kermit O. Tucker operated a shop in the building from 1938 to 1969.</p><br>
<p>The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1991. It is one of two sites on the National Register in Douglas County, along with the Arcola Carnegie Public Library in Arcola.</p><br>
<p>The Damariscotta River is a 19.0 mi tidal river in Lincoln County, Maine, that empties into the Atlantic Ocean. Damariscotta is an old Abenaki word for "river of many fishes". There are 2,500-year-old oyster shell middens  along the banks of the Damariscotta River, which occupies a drowned river valley leading to the Gulf of Maine, a large embayment of the Atlantic Ocean.</p><br>
<p>The Damariscotta River begins at the outlet of Damariscotta Lake, at Damariscotta Mills, a village straddling the boundary between the towns of Newcastle and Nobleboro. Damariscotta Lake extends 12 mi north into the town of Jefferson and is fed from tributaries originating as far north as Washington and Somerville, Maine. From the lake&#39;s outlet, the Damariscotta River drops 50 ft over just 0.1 mi through Damariscotta Mills before reaching tidewater, at an arm of the river known as Salt Bay. The tidal Damariscotta flows southward between Newcastle, Edgecomb and Boothbay on the west and Damariscotta, Bristol and South Bristol on the east, reaching the Atlantic Ocean between Linekin Neck on the west and Inner Heron Island on the east.</p><br>
<p>It is a navigable river for nearly its entire 19 mi length, to the bridge between Newcastle and Nobleboro (). It is important in local commerce for tourism, Oyster and Mussel Farming as well as other forms of aquaculture, clamming, marine worming and fishing.</p><br>
<p>Walter&#39;s Hot Dog Stand is a National Register of Historic Places designated landmark located in Mamaroneck Town in Westchester County, New York.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Walters is a family business founded in 1919 by Walter Warrington in Mamaroneck, NY. His first stand, on Boston Post Road, was in front of Skinners Floral shop near the-then Central School (now Town of Mamaroneck offices). He sold cider and apples from an orchard he had purchased on Quaker Ridge.</p><br>
<p>Later, Walter moved south on Post Road, in Shepards Field (approximately where Richbell Road now meets Post Road). It was here that he began selling his unique brand of hot dogs, blended from beef, pork, and veal, with the wieners split-grilled. At Shepards Field Walter constructed a cider press to make apple cider.</p><br>
<p>There were blueprints for a stand to be built on an adjacent property on Post Road that would include a residence on the second floor. The property was, however, condemned by the School Board; a junior high school was built in 1926 (now a campus of Mamaroneck High). In 1928 he purchased the property at 937 Palmer Avenue, where his then-new pagoda has been since.</p><br>
<p>The Palmer Avenue building has a pagoda-style copper roof, now oxidized to a light green, and dragon lanterns. It is an example of roadside architecture.</p><br>
<p>The current owner is Walter&#39;s son Eugene Warrington.</p><br>
<h2>Acclaim</h2><br>
<p>In 2001, Walter&#39;s was voted the #1 hot dog in America by Gourmet magazine. It was voted the best roadside stand in Westchester 1994-2004.</p><br>
<p>The stand has been featured in the New York Times; and on CBS News Sunday Morning in 2003.</p><br>
<p>In 2010 it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>In 2015, The Daily Meal ranked Walters Hot Dogs #13 in Americas 75 Best Hot Dogs</p><br>
<p>The Hubbard House is one of Hudson, Illinois&#39;, United States Registered Historic Places, the other one, located along the same street, is the Gildersleeve House. The Hubbard House is significant as the boyhood home of American writer and philosopher Elbert Hubbard. Hubbard lived in Hudson and attended school there, he stayed in the village until he was 16. The original wing of the house was built in 1857 by a doctor from Buffalo, New York, Silas Hubbard. In 1872 the two-story section of the house was constructed in a typical I-house design. The home has been listed on the National Register of Historic Places since 1979.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The east portion of the Hubbard House was constructed in 1857 by Silas Hubbard, a medical doctor who came to McLean County, Illinois, via Buffalo, New York, in 1855. In 1856, Silas Hubbard and Julianna Frances Read had a son, born in Bloomington, Elbert Hubbard would go on to become a major American writer and philosopher.</p><br>
<p>The Hubbard House was built the year after Elbert was born when the Hubbards moved to Hudson, north of Bloomington. It was in 1892 that Hubbard suddenly gave up the soap industry and decided to become a writer. In 1899 Hubbard published the famous and widely reprinted essay, "A Message to Garcia," by 1913 an estimated 40 million copies had been published.</p><br>
<p>Construction on the Hubbard Houses two-story front elevation began around 1872 at the urging of Mrs. Hubbard who felt the family had outgrown the small cottage that occupied the site from 1857 until 1872. Despite her desires and Silas Hubbards prominent position as the only doctor in Hudson, the family had little money with which to pursue the addition to their home. Hubbard was known not to push his clients for payment. In response, Elbert and his mother pored over Silas records searching for any one they thought might be able to make payment through labor or construction materials. Elbert, already a considerable salesman by 1872, then rode about McLean County to obtain cash, materials and promises of labor from his fathers clientele. Soon the new section of the house was completed.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The current Hubbard House is mostly a typical I-house design but the two-story front (west) section of the house was not constructed until 1872. Until that time the Hubbard family was confined to the smaller, one-story portion of the house. Quarters were cramped during this time. The two-story portion of the house features windows on both sides of the front door and three windows on the second-floor, representing the typical I-house design. Sometime after both sections were completed a bay window was added in the angle between the wings. Elbert&#39;s room was in the attic, a room which still existed when the building was nominated to the USA National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>As the original house became crowded Mrs. Hubbard concocted her own plans and layout for an additional section to be added to the house. Her plan, according to the writings of her daughter Mary, was for a two-story addition at the front elevation of the building, much as the building appears today. She envisioned a central front hall with a stairway flanked by walnut balustrades and an open parlor with folding doors opening into the living room. Mrs. Hubbards vision for the second floor included two new childrens bedrooms and a spare bedroom.</p><br>
<p>In 2008, the original portion of the house was remodeled. This portion of the structure had severe termite damage and the remodeling included reframing all walls, raising the roof, and replacing modern windows with double-hung, 4 over 4 windows that are consistent in size and style with the other windows in the home. The kitchen was also fully remodeled at this time.</p><br>
<h2>Significance</h2><br>
<p>The Hubbard House is significant for its association with American literature as the boyhood home of Elbert Hubbard. Hubbard became one of the most widely known personalities of his era by 1915 and was a widely read and reprinted writer and philosopher. The Hubbard House was added to the USA National Register of Historic Places on February 1, 1979.</p><br>
<p>The Edgar County Courthouse, located in Paris, Illinois, is the county courthouse of Edgar County. The courthouse was constructed from 1891 until 1893; it is the third building to be used as Edgar Countys courthouse. Architect Henry Elliot designed the building in the Romanesque Revival style. The courthouses exterior has four main sides and four entrances situated between each adjacent pair of sides. Each side includes two towers at each end and a central section with a tall gable. Each tower features two medieval dormers. An wedding-cake style iron clock tower, built shortly after the building was completed, tops the center of the courthouse.</p><br>
<p>The courthouse was added to the National Register of Historic Places on June 4, 1981.</p><br>
<p>The France Hotel is a historic hotel located at 118 E. Court St. in Paris, Illinois. The Classical Revival building was constructed in 1924. It is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The hotel was constructed in 1924 to replace the old Paris Hotel, which was destroyed in a fire in 1918. The hotels construction was sponsored by the Paris Chamber of Commerce and funded by the citizens of Paris; as most hotels of the era were built by private firms, this was considered unusual. The Chamber decided upon the site of the hotel in 1922 and chose the buildings architect, but planning and construction delays pushed the project back into 1923. By September 1923, the Chamber had nearly exhausted its funds, and the hotel&#39;s contractor intended to place a lien on the hotel site if they could not find more money. The citizens of Paris responded by raising $191,000 in a fundraising effort, providing the necessary funds to complete the hotel.</p><br>
<p>Paris was a major railroad junction in the 1920s, as three major rail lines passed through the city. In addition, as Paris was the county seat of Edgar County, it served as the center for county administration and business activities. The hotel therefore became an important meeting place for Edgar County&#39;s citizens and travelers through Paris. Visitors considered the France Hotel to have more modern facilities than any other Paris hotel; these facilities included warm and cold running water, an elevator, and bathrooms in each room. In addition, the hotel included amenities and business such as a barber shop, beauty parlor, coffee shop, banquet hall, and private dining rooms, which served local residents as well as visitors.</p><br>
<p>The France Hotel was added to the National Register of Historic Places on August 3, 1987. The Paris Elks Lodge No. 812 Building, which borders the hotel to the south, was added to the National Register at the same time.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>Architect Ewing Miller, Sr., of the Fort Wayne, Indiana, architectural firm Johnson, Miller & Miller, designed the hotel in the Classical Revival style. The four-story building was built in red brick and uses Bedford limestone in many of its decorations. The building&#39;s entrance is set in smooth limestone and is topped by an arched stone decoration resembling a fanlight. A pair of French doors are located on either side of the entrance; each set of doors is topped by a wooden pediment and stone arches. The upper stories of the building each have six bays of windows; the center two bays are surrounded by vertical courses of limestone, with decorative stone pediments topping the third-floor windows. An architrave is situated above the fourth-floor windows; the architrave is topped by a brick frieze with limestone roundels, which is itself topped by a cornice and parapet roofline. Stone urns rest atop the corners and center of the roofline.</p><br>
<p>The Paris Elks Lodge No. 812 Building is a historic building located at 111 E. Washington St. in Paris, Illinois. The building served as a meeting place for the Paris lodge of the Benevolent and Protective Order of Elks. The building was constructed in 1927, 25 years after the Paris Lodge was chartered. Architect Everett Blackman, a member of the lodge, designed the building in the Mediterranean Revival style. Blackmans design features an arcade loggia enclosing the front entrance and a square tower with a parapet roof designed to resemble elk antlers. The buildings amenities included a bar and ballroom on the second floor, a bowling alley in the basement, and meeting rooms for the lodge. The third floor of the building housed rooms for the adjacent France Hotel; it was connected to the hotel by a stone walkway and cannot be accessed from the lower floors. The Elks used the building until the lodge filed for bankruptcy in 1978.</p><br>
<p>The building was added to the National Register of Historic Places on August 6, 1987.</p><br>
<p>The Pine Grove Community Club is a historic community club located at the junction of 1500N and 1300E north-northwest of Paris, Illinois. The club includes two buildings, a brick schoolhouse and a former church. The school was constructed in the late 1800s, while the church was built in 1891. The club itself was established in the early 1930s as part of a community development program in Edgar County. The program, inspired by the Country Life Movement, sought to develop rural communities such as Pine Grove and improve the quality of life of its residents. While the club initially met in the schoolhouse, it purchased the church for its meetings in 1935 after the congregation folded. The club had 40 members in 1935; the number declined to below 30 by the 1960s, though the club still met as of 1983.</p><br>
<p>The club buildings were added to the National Register of Historic Places on March 30, 1984.</p><br>
<p>Xinovrysi  is a village in the Pelion area in Magnesia, Greece. It is part of the municipal unit of Argalasti. Xinovrysi is 3.5 km northeast of Argalasti, 7 km north of Promyri and 30 km southeast of Volos. Its population in 2011 was 164 for the village, and 213 for the community, which includes the village Potistika.</p><br>
<h2>Population</h2><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The former name of the town was Bestinika or Bistinika (Μπεστινίκα). The historian Yannis Kordatos describes the origin of the name Bistinika that comes from the Slavic word pestinik or pecnik which means oven. Other think that the origin of the previous name came from the Greek word for narrow, one of its areas are built in a narrow area that are filled with two and three hilltops.</p><br>
<p>During the Ottoman Period, Bestinika was the mahala of Argalasti. In the mid-19th century, the village had 65 to 80 houses and around 325 inhabitants, cultivating olives, grapes, figs and fruits. The village was not wealthy and it did not have a school. It participated in the revolts against the Ottomans in 1821, 1823, 1854 and 1878. It is said that the Ottomans set fire to the village in the 1823 revolt.</p><br>
<p>After the liberation of Thessaly in 1881, Bestinika became a part of the municipality of Spalathra, which had its seat in Argalasti. Besides Argalasti and Bestinika the municipality also contained the villages Metochi, Bir (now Kallithea) and Ski (now Syki).</p><br>
<p>In 1914, Bestinika became an independent community and opened a school. In 1927, the name was officially changed to Xinovrysi, after its sour spring. During the difficult wartime periods of World War II and the Greek Civil War, and also after the wars, many of its inhabitants left for larger towns and cities including Volos. Its nearby beaches at the Aegean Sea (Mourtitsa, Potistika, Kourites and Melani) have been attracting tourists. Nevertheless, population kept declining, and the local school closed in the 1990s. In 1998, Xinovrysi became a municipal district of the enlarged municipality of Argalasti.</p><br>
<p>The South Fulton Churchhouse is a historic church located on Baden Road roughly two miles south of Astoria, Fulton County, Illinois. The church was built in 1879 for the western body of Astoria&#39;s German Brethren congregation. The church had a frame vernacular design typical of rural Protestant churches built in the late 1800s; its cottage plan design, distinguished by its lack of a tower or ornamentation, was common among early German Brethren churches. Its congregation followed a particularly traditional branch of the German Brethren, and the services held there consisted of Scripture readings, commentary from a preacher, and prayer; the church resisted what it saw as modern developments such as church music and professional ministers. The church was also designed to host the communal love feast, a religious meal which formed an important part of the German Brethren faith; its basement includes a kitchen with a stone hearth.</p><br>
<p>The church was added to the National Register of Historic Places on October 28, 1994.</p><br>
<p>The Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad Station is a historic Chicago, Burlington and Quincy Railroad station located on 4th Avenue in Canton, Illinois. Built in 1914, the station was the second built by the CB&Q in Canton since it began service to the city in the early 1860s. The CB&Q was one of two railroads to serve Canton, along with the Toledo, Peoria & Western Railroad. As the area had few paved roads at the time, the station was the departure point for the citys business travelers, vacationers, and servicemen in World War I and II. Five passenger trains a day, three during daytime and two at night, served the station in its first decade. The station also served freight trains that exported the areas industrial products, which were mainly farming equipment and coal. The popularity of the passenger trains began to decline as roads became better and more popular; as a result, the night trains were cancelled in 1950 and passenger service to the station ended completely in 1961. Freight service also ended in 1980, at which point the railroad had merged into the Burlington Northern; the city bought the station from the railroad in 1989.</p><br>
<p>The station was added to the National Register of Historic Places on August 31, 1993. It is one four sites on the Register in Canton; the others are the Parlin Library, the Ulysses G. Orendorff House and the Orendorf Site.</p><br>
<p>The Orendorf Site is a prehistoric archaeological site located near the city of Canton, Fulton County, Illinois. The site includes four distinct areas of Middle Mississippian settlement; the settlement area was one of seven major sites in the Spoon River tradition. The four settlement sites within the larger site came as the result of a single village relocating multiple times; this movement became useful to archaeologists, as artifacts from different periods are spread out rather than mixed together at a single site. The settlement functioned as a regional center within the Spoon River culture, making it a hub in its hierarchal political organization and part of many important trade routes. Trade and migration linked the settlement to the large Mississippian city of Cahokia; while the settlement&#39;s culture had much in common with Cahokian culture, it was also a distinct regional culture in its own right.</p><br>
<p>The site was added to the National Register of Historic Places on September 13, 1977. It is one of four sites on the Register in Canton, along with the Ulysses G. Orendorff House, the Parlin Library and the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad Station.</p><br>
<p>The Parlin Library is a historic library building located at 210 East Chestnut Street in Canton, Illinois. The building was built in 1893-94 for the citys library; while the city had two library associations prior to then, both had failed and the city had no public library at the time. William Parlin, Sr., the founder of Cantons most prosperous business in the Parlin & Orendorff Company, bequeathed the money for the library in his estate when he died in 1890; his estate provided $8000 for the building and its collection, while an additional $5000 came from a library tax. The Peoria architecture firm of Richardson & Salter designed the Richardsonian Romanesque library. The librarys collection included 1,000 books when it opened, a figure which increased to 8,000 by 1908; it also included a large art gallery. The library served in its original capacity until 1958, when a new library opened and the old building became Cantons city hall.</p><br>
<p>The library was added to the National Register of Historic Places on May 6, 1994. It is one of four sites on the Register in Canton; the others are the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad Station, the Ulysses G. Orendorff House and the Orendorf Site.</p><br>
<p>The Ulysses G. Orendorff House is a historic house located at 345 West Elm Street in Canton, Illinois. The house was built in 1902 for Ulysses G. Orendorff, the son of Parlin & Orendorff co-founder W. J. Orendorff; the company, the most successful in Canton, manufactured farming equipment and was later sold to International Harvester. Architect Robert C. Spencer of Chicago designed the house; Spencer was a friend of Frank Lloyd Wright and an early figure in the Prairie School, and the house represents Spencer&#39;s shift toward the Prairie School aesthetic from his earlier Tudor style works. Two large gables on the front of the house are decorated with a wooden grid with rows of windows and geometric patterns; while the design resembles half-timbering on its face, it embodies the horizontal emphasis that became a key feature of the Prairie School. The interior of the house is characteristic of the Prairie School, with natural materials and modern decorative elements.</p><br>
<p>The house was added to the National Register of Historic Places on December 9, 1971. It is one of four sites on the Register in Canton, along with the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad Station, the Parlin Library and the Orendorf Site.</p><br>
<p>The Skidmore Fountain is a historic fountain in Portland, Oregon, United States.</p><br>
<p>The fountain is a contributing property of and the namesake for the Skidmore/Old Town Historic District, which is also a National Historic Landmark.</p><br>
<p>The fountain has also been designated a Portland Historic Landmark and underwent restoration in 2005.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>It was dedicated September 22, 1888, in memory of Stephen G. Skidmore, a wealthy Portland druggist who died in 1883, and partly financed by his will. It was designed by sculptor Olin Levi Warner for $18,000, all of which was donated. It is styled after fountains Skidmore viewed at Versailles on his visit to the 1878 Paris Exposition and intended for "horses, men and dogs" to drink from. Henry Weinhard offered to pump beer into the fountain at the dedication.</p><br>
<p>The fountain is located near the west end of the Burnside Bridge at SW First and Ankeny streets within downtown Portland. The MAX Light Rail line runs past it and has a nearby stop named after the fountain. When Portland Saturday Market is operating, the open area around the fountain attracts street performers and entertained spectators. The fountain also serves as a gathering point for several Portland events, such as SantaCon, Plunderathon, Zombiewalk and several protest/activist gatherings.</p><br>
<p>The fountain&#39;s base has various inscriptions on its different faces. That on the northwest side is a quotation from C.E.S. Wood: "Good citizens are the riches of a city".</p><br>
<p>Dublje  is a village in Serbia. It is located in the Svilajnac municipality, in the Pomoravlje District. According to 2002 census, its population numbers 1,050 people.There is a book about Dublje.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>Dublje is located 3 kilometers from the center of Svilajnac, in the Central Serbia region. The village is situated on a high plain beneath the hill Hum.</p><br>
<h2>Culture</h2><br>
<p>Dublje (/du:blye/) is well known in the region for having its own unique language which is still spoken in some households today. The Dubljanski language is a mixture of Bulgarian and Serbian language with plenty of Turkish words. Dublje is about two hundred years old, and the settlers came running away from the Turkish people who decapitated many of the former who primarily lived as villagers in Veliki Izvor near todays Zaječar and a few kilometers away from Bulgarian border. So, with their village burned to the ground for the fourth time, the survived villagers became frightened and decided to flee to the west, deeper ( Serbian: dublje )and deeper into the woods (which is how Dublje got its name) and founded a settlement on a high plain near the river Resava and todays Svilajnac. The settlers i.e. the people who came from Veliki Izvor entirely preserved their language, customs, family names and even personal names in spite of the new environment and people who surrounded them. The families which kept the same names also kept same slava and even zavetina (slava of the village) remained same in both villages. This instinct for self-preservation went so far that they preserved something better than their ancestors in the primary village. Apart from the language they preserved various rites and other customs and cultural products (songs, legends etc.). Today, some customs, such as Lazarice, still last whereas the same custom in Veliki Izvor disappeared even 50 years ago. In Dublje the repeated Lazarice are completely normal for the young girls, who are dressed in their nicest dresses for that occasion, that is on Lazarus Saturday (which is one week before Easter) when they carry a basket and go from house to house collecting eggs and sweets for the approaching Easter; formerly they were dressed in national clothing garment (known as Lazarice) but as the time passed they felt more comfortable with ordinary clothes because Lazarice has a lot of garments with golden coins sown into material and particularly includes heavy wreath for the head with lots of decorated flowers on it. National clothing also includes other various garments which only the Dubljani (people of Dublje) and the Velikoizvorci (people of Veliki Izvor) wear, like:zabratka (womens cap), takanici (mens and womens girdle), na prestilki (womens summer clothing; prestilka means apron), na vlnenik (womens clothing of the recent date), fusta (womens summer clothing), eleče (traditional vest), etc. These clothing are also included when performing line dancing by which the Dubljani are very famous and have several dances on their own; back in the recent past these line dances were extremely popular and were main means of entertainment and making friendships. There are also many folk songs which testify how people lived back in the past. As for the Velikoizvorci (who are the Dubljani’s ancestors), there is one folk song (Djurdjevdan&#39;) recorded about how they used to sacrifice people. Namely, this song tells us how a host, who had no lamb to sacrifice, decided to sacrifice his own first-born son (but fortunately, a lamb appeared in the last moment and the child was saved). Then, there are various customs and ceremonies performed on weddings, deaths and mainly christenings.</p><br>
<p>In the village, elderly people speak Dubljanski while the young speak Serbian, though they mainly know and understand Dubljanski. Today, it is unthinkable for some parents to teach their children Dubljanski for they are ashamed of it, hence they do not speak Dubljanski at all or at least not in front of their children. Gradually, the times changed and the language and many customs started dying out, so eventually the Dubljanski will become a legend.</p><br>
<h2>Features</h2><br>
<p>In the center the village there are few shops, a cafe Boss,a school, and a new church which is currently under construction. The village is usually a quiet place during the day, when kids are at school and parents are busy farming or at work. But when evening comes the center comes to life when the young and elderly come out in the center to relax and socialize. The younger inhabitants of the village spend their time watching football games or playing pool table at the local cafe, while the older generations play dominoes or chess.</p><br>
<p>Nornalup Inlet  is an estuarine body of water on the south coast of the South West of Australia, approximately 450 km from Perth.</p><br>
<p>It is approximately 1,300 hectare in extent, and up to 5 m deep. It is fed by the Deep and Frankland Rivers, and communicates with the Walpole Inlet via a natural channel approximately 1 km long and 2 m deep.</p><br>
<p>The name is Noongar in origin, meaning "the place of the tiger snake (Notechis scutatus)".</p><br>
<p>The esutary is wave dominated and is mostly not modified but the catchment has been substantially cleared. The inlets have a naturally low turbidity but have a high sediment trapping efficiency. The inlets have a total area of 15.8 km&sup2, most of the area being found in the central basin. The inlet has a mean depth of 2 m.</p><br>
<p>The Walpole/Nornalup inlet system is the only permanently open estuarine system in the South West, giving it great biological diversity.</p><br>
<p>Remains of Aboriginal rock fish traps can still be found in the inlets. The main sea grasses found in the inlet are Ruppia megacarpa and Heterozostera tasmanica.</p><br>
<p>Capt. Thomas Bannister and his party visited the inlet in 1831, although sealers had been based in the area since before 1826.</p><br>
<p>Both estuaries, with the tidal parts of the tributary rivers, are now the subject of a proposed marine park.</p><br>
<p>Valdes Island is one of the Gulf Islands located in the Strait of Georgia, British Columbia, Canada. It is across Porlier Pass from Galiano Island, which lies to the southeast. It has an area of 23 km&sup2, and is 1.6 km wide by 16 km in length. The island is popular with kayakers, boaters and has historically been the site of several human settlements.</p><br>
<h2>Naming and early exploration</h2><br>
<p>It is named for Spanish explorer Cayetano Valdés y Flores, who first came to the region in 1791 as a lieutenant serving under Captain Alessandro Malaspina on the Descubierta. Valdes returned later in 1792 as captain of the Mexicana to explore the area with Dionisio Alcalá Galiano who captained the Sutil. The island was given its name in 1859 by George Henry Richards, captain of HMS Plumper.</p><br>
<h2>Settlement</h2><br>
<p>There is currently a small community of permanent residents on Valdes Island, located at Starvation Bay. One third of the island is set aside as three Indian reserves of the Lyackson First Nation. At Shingle Point, which is the location of one of those reserves, the island shows evidence of human habitation from at least 5,000 years ago in the form of approximately 60 archeological sites.</p><br>
<h3>Brother XII</h3><br>
<p>Valdes Island was one of the locations of the colonies of the Aquarian Foundation, the BC-based cult run by Brother XII in the late 1920s and early 1930s The organization had several buildings on the island, of which little trace remains today. There were also rumours that money was buried on the island, but these have never been proven.</p><br>
<h2>Cave</h2><br>
<p>There is a cave in the middle of the island. According to legend, it runs under the sea to emerge on Thetis Island, but recent explorers have found that rockfalls have made remote parts too narrow for human passage.</p><br>
<h2>Recreational activities</h2><br>
<p>Wakes Cove Provincial Park and the Blackberry Point Campsite are located on the island. These two campsites, as well as an abundance of wildlife and unusual sandstone geology make this island a popular destination for recreational kayaking and camping. The Blackberry Point Campsite was the first campsite established as part of the BC Marine Trails Network by Peter McGee in the early 1990s. The site at Wakes Cove is still undeveloped, lacking any facilities for campers, however there is an abandoned well along an overgrown road in the area. The Blackberry Point site has defined cooking and tenting spaces, trails from the beach as well as a composting toilet.</p><br>
<p>Killer whales are abundant around the island.</p><br>
<p>Thirumalai Nayak Palace is a 17th-century palace erected in 1636 AD by King Thirumalai Nayak, a king of Madurai&#39;s Nayaka dynasty who ruled Madurai from 1623–59, in the city of Madurai, India. This Palace is a classic fusion of Dravidian and Rajput styles. The building, which can be seen today, was the main Palace, in which the king lived. The original Palace Complex was four times bigger than the present structure. In its heyday, Tirumalai Nayak Palace at Madurai was considered to be one of the wonders of the South. This palace is situated 2 km south east of the Meenakshi Amman Temple.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>1798 dated Thomas Daniell</p><br>
<p>A drawing of ruins of the palace at Madurai shows evident marks of its former grandeur</p><br>
<p>The Nayaks of Madurai ruled this former Kingdom from 1545 till 1740’s and Thirumalai Nayak (1623-1659) was one of their greatest kings that line notable for various buildings in and around Madurai. During the 17th centuries the Madurai Kingdom had Portuguese, Dutch and other Europeans as traders, missionaries and visiting travellers. Tirumala Nayak is believed to have recruited the services of an Italian architect, for the construction of his Palace. Over a span of 400 years many parts of the buildings were suffered much by time, and not inconsiderably... by the destructive effects of war; a few, however, are sufficiently in repair to be converted into use by the garrison, as granaries, store-houses, powder magazines during time of East India Company. King Thirumalai Nayak’s grandson had demolished much of the fine structure and removed most of the jewels and woodcarvings in order to build his own palace in Tiruchirapalli. However Lord Napier, the Governor of Madras, had partially restored the palace in 1866-72, and the subsequent restoration works carried out several years ago, today, we get to see the Entrance Gate, The Main Hall and the Dance Hall.</p><br>
<h2>Design and construction</h2><br>
<p>Built in 1636, as a focal point of his capital at Madurai, Thirumalai Nayak intended the palace to be one of the grandest in South India. The design and architecture is a blend of Dravidian and Islamic styles. The Interior of the palace surpasses many of its Indian contemporaries in scale. The interior is richly decorated whilst the exterior is treated in a more austere style.</p><br>
<p>During the 18th century many structures that were part of this palace were pulled down or incorporated into buildings in the adjacent streets. What remains is the enclosed court known as the Svarga Vilasam and a few adjoining buildings. The audience chamber of the Svarga Vilasam is a vast hall with arcades about 12 m high. The architecture is a blend of indigenous and Islamic forms. Thirumalai nayakar mahal is famous for its giant pillars. Pillar&#39;s height is 82 feet and width is 19 feet.</p><br>
<h3>Courtyard</h3><br>
<p>Upon entering into the gates of the palace, the visitor enters into present day’s huge central courtyard measuring 3,700 m² (41,979 sq ft). The courtyard is surrounded by massive circular pillars. Now it has a circular garden.</p><br>
<h3>Interior</h3><br>
<p>The palace was divided into two major parts, namely Swarga Vilasam (Celestial Pavilion) and Ranga Vilasam. The royal residence, theatre, shrine, apartments, armory, palanquin place, royal bandstand, quarters, pond and garden were situated in these two portions. The courtyard and the dancing hall are the major center of attractions of the palace. The Celestial Pavilion (Swarga Vilasam) was used as the throne-room and has an arcaded octagon covered by a dome 60–70 feet high. The domed structure in the centre is supported by stone ribs and is held up by massive circular columns topped and linked by pointed scalloped arches with an arcaded gallery opening into the nave above the side aisles.</p><br>
<h3>Materials used</h3><br>
<p>The structure was constructed using foliated brickwork and the surface details and finish in exquisite stucco called chunnam using chunnam (shell lime) and (Mixed with egg white) to obtain a smooth and glossy texture. The steps leading up to the hall were formerly flanked by two equestrian statues of excellent workmanship.</p><br>
<p>The pillars supporting the arches are 13m tall and are again joined by foliated brickwork that carries a valance and an entablature rising up to a height of 20 m. The decoration is done, (shell lime). The pavilions topped with finials that were covered with gold are on either side of the courtyard.</p><br>
<h2>Present day</h2><br>
<p>After independence, the Thirumalai Palace was declared as a national monument and is now under the protection of the Tamil Nadu Archaeological Department. This palace is open for the visitors from 9am to 5pm and the entry ticket price is Rs.10.</p><br>
<p>Lot of film shooting are taken in the Palace mainly because of big pillars.</p><br>
<p>Notable films are</p><br>
<p>Maniratnam&#39;s "Bombay" ("Kannalane" song), "Guru" ("Tera Bina" Song) etc.</p><br>
<p>Vikram starrer "Bheemaa" ("Ragasiya Kanavugal" song)</p><br>
<h3>Light & Sound shows</h3><br>
<p>The palace is well equipped to perform Light & Sound shows depicting the story of Silappathikaram both in Tamil and English languages.it is held at evenings·</p><br>
<h2>Getting There</h2><br>
<p>The Palace is located in the eastern side of the city, around 1.2 km South East of the Meenakshi Amman Temple in the city of Madurai. Madurai being a popular tourist center is well connected by railways and has daily flights to Colombo (Sri Lanka), Mumbai Banglore and Chennai.</p><br>
<h2>Visit Timings</h2><br>
<p>9.00 AM to 5.00 PM for general visit.</p><br>
<p>Lunch Break: 01.00 PM to 01.30 PM</p><br>
<p>Sound & Light Show Time:</p><br>
<p>6.45 PM to 7.35 PM in English</p><br>
<p>8.00 PM to 8.50 PM in Tamil</p><br>
<h2>Gallery of the Palace</h2><br>
<p>The Sibiti River is a seventy-five-kilometre waterway which connects Lake Eyasi and Lake Kitangiri, and one of the few non-man-made canals in the world.</p><br>
<p>Both Lakes Eyasi and Kitangiri are located south from The Serengeti National Park, Tanzania.</p><br>
<p>The Sibiti River has one tributary, The Semu River. The Sibiti River belongs to a rather dense Basin which includes Lake Eyasi, and several rivers entering Lake Kitangiri, including:</p><br>
<p>Manonga River</p><br>
<p>Wembere River</p><br>
<h2>Sibiti River in History</h2><br>
<p>A Bantu-speaking people, The Nyiramba, crossed the Sibiti River while looking for pacific lands. Some of their anecdoctes highlight the marshy nature of the area around the Sibiti River.</p><br>
<p>Some archaeological remains have been found near lake Eyasi by a German Expedition in the 1930s.</p><br>
<p>Huntington Creek is a tributary of Fishing Creek  in Luzerne and Columbia counties, Pennsylvania, in the United States. It is approximately 29.5 mi long.</p><br>
<h2>Course</h2><br>
<p>Huntington Creek begins in Lake Township, Luzerne County, flows west-southwest for over a mile, then enters Ross Township. Here the creek turns south for approximately two miles as its valley widens. It presently turns west and crosses Pennsylvania Route 118, on the other side of which the creek turns southwest and receives its first named tributary, Mitchler Run. A short distance downstream, Huntington Creek receives its second tributary, Laurel Run. The creek then makes a sharp turn south, picking up the tributary Shingle Run, then makes a sharp turn west and receives the tributary Arnold Creek. As Huntington Creek continues west its valley deepens and broadens and it receives Lick Branch. The creek then enters Fairmount Township, passes by Jackson Hill, receives Phillips Creek and then turns south for several miles; its valley becomes far broader. The creek then enters Huntington Township, where it picks up the tributary Kitchen Creek and continues south past the community of Harveyville, where its valley narrows. The creek then turns southeast for a few miles, picking up the tributary Rogers Creek, passing Huntington Mills, and crossing Pennsylvania Route 239. Over the next several miles, the creek turns west and flows parallel to Huntington Mountain. A few miles later it picks up Kingsbury Brook and leaves Luzerne County.</p><br>
<p>Upon leaving Luzerne County, Huntington Creek enters Fishing Creek Township, Columbia County. Approximately a mile downstream, the creek passes through Jonestown, where it receives Pine Creek, its last named tributary. After flowing parallel to Huntington Mountain and Knob Mountain for a few miles, it reaches its confluence with Fishing Creek near the community of Forks.</p><br>
<p>Huntington Creek joins Fishing Creek 15.10 mi upstream of its mouth.</p><br>
<h3>Tributaries</h3><br>
<p>Major tributaries of Huntington Creek include Kitchen Creek and Pine Creek. Kitchen Creek joins Huntington Creek 16.02 mi upstream of its mouth; its watershed has an area of 20.10 square miles. Pine Creek joins Huntington Creek 4.26 mi upstream of its mouth. Its watershed has an area of 30.7 square miles.</p><br>
<h2>Hydrology</h2><br>
<p>The waters of Huntington Creek increase the size of Fishing Creek by a factor of two.</p><br>
<p>The average annual rate of precipitation in the watershed of Huntington Creek ranges between 35 in and 45 in.</p><br>
<h2>Geography and geology</h2><br>
<p>The elevation near the mouth of Huntington Creek is 620 ft above sea level. The elevation of the creek&#39;s source is between 1,620 ft and 1,640 ft above sea level. Upstream of Kitchen Creek, its elevation decreases by 50.9 ft per mile. Between Kitchen Creek and Pine Creek, the elevation decreases by 13.2 ft per mile. Between Pine Creek and the mouth, the elevation decreases by 18.9 ft per mile.</p><br>
<p>The headwaters of Huntington Creek are on North Mountain. The watershed is also crossed by a terminal moraine.</p><br>
<p>The channel of Huntington Creek flows through rock formations of shale and sandstone.</p><br>
<p>The channel of Huntington Creek braids and splits in places. There are also strainers and deadfalls on the creek. Its channel is sinuous. The creek also has alluvial floodplains nearby. Lakes and swamps created by glaciers are found in the upper reaches of the watershed. Parts of the creek, especially in its lower reaches, have wide bottom lands.</p><br>
<h2>Watershed</h2><br>
<p>The watershed of Huntington Creek has an area of 114.00 square miles. The watershed is situated in parts of three counties: Columbia County, Luzerne County, and Sullivan County.</p><br>
<p>Huntington Creek is mostly surrounded by farms, pine-covered hills, and Huntington Mountain, although there are several villages and a few summer homes on the creek near Jonestown. The area in the vicinity of the creek is sparsely inhabited and "rugged", with a 1921 book describing the watershed as "broken, mountainous country". There are no major highways near the creek.</p><br>
<p>There are three dams on Huntington Creek. The largest is a dam above Jonestown, which is 6 ft high. A dam that is 3 ft high is located 0.5 mi downstream of Huntington Mills. The smallest dam on the creek is in Huntington Mills. This dam is 2 ft high.</p><br>
<h2>History and industries</h2><br>
<p>In the early 1900s, industries in the watershed of Huntington Creek included paper mills and agriculture. The creek powered a paper mill as well as a number of small gristmills.</p><br>
<p>Among the numerous communities in the Huntington Creek watershed in 1921, the largest were Harveyville, with 230 people; Huntington Mills, 229; Cambria, 213; Fishing Creek, 205; New Columbus, 175; and Register, with 150 people.</p><br>
<p>Many bridges cross Huntington Creek, some of which are covered bridges. In Columbia County a pair of twin covered bridges which cross the creek are named Twin Bridges-West Paden Covered Bridge No. 121 and Twin Bridges-East Paden Covered Bridge No. 120. Built in 1850 and repaired in 1884 by W. C. Pennington, they were the last remaining twin covered bridges in Pennsylvania until a flood washed away the West Paden Bridge on June 28, 2006. The Josiah Hess Covered Bridge No. 122, which also crosses the creek in Columbia County, was built in 1875 by Joseph Redline and W. J. Manning.</p><br>
<p>Two bridges historically crossed Huntington Creek in Luzerne County: the Bittenbender Covered Bridge and the Huntington Mills Covered Bridge. The former was destroyed in the flood of June 28, 2006 and the latter was destroyed on an unknown date.</p><br>
<p>In addition to covered bridges, a number of other bridges cross Huntington Creek. Two were built across the creek in Luzerne County in 1890 and 1891, followed by two more in 1910. Two more bridges were built in 1969 and 1970, followed by one in 1985 and one in 1994. Three bridges were built across the creek in Luzerne County in 2000 and 2001. The newest bridge across the creek in that county was built in 2007. The oldest bridges are metal truss bridges, while the newer are prestressed box beam bridges. Additionally, three bridges were built over the creek in Columbia County in 1959 and 1961.</p><br>
<h2>Biology</h2><br>
<p>Fish species such as the eastern mudminnow inhabit Huntington Creek.</p><br>
<p>Huntington Creek is listed as a Natural Heritage Area on the Luzerne County Natural Areas Inventory. The creek is also designated as a high-quality coldwater fishery.</p><br>
<h2>Recreation</h2><br>
<p>Edward Gertler states in his book Keystone Canoeing that Huntington Creek is ideal for novice canoers. It is possible to canoe on the creek during snowmelts or within several days of heavy rain. Gertler describes the creek&#39;s scenery as "good". A total of 17.1 mi of the creek are possible for canoeing.</p><br>
<p>Kitchen Creek, a tributary of Huntington Creek flows through Ricketts Glen State Park.</p><br>
<p>Little Fishing Creek is a tributary of Fishing Creek in Sullivan County, Lycoming County, and Columbia County, in Pennsylvania, in the United States. It is approximately 23.5 mi long and flows through eight townships. The watershed of the creek has an area of 68.1 square miles. The creek has six named tributaries, of which the largest are Spruce Run and West Branch Run.</p><br>
<p>There are at least two major rock formations in the watershed of Little Fishing Creek: the Chemung Formation and the Hamilton Group. The creek&#39;s watershed includes part of the Greenwood Valley. Much of the watershed is forested and major roads in it include Pennsylvania Route 42. The first European settler first arrived in the vicinity of the creek during the 1760s or 1770s, with other settlers arriving in the 1790s. A number of sawmills, woolen mills, and tanneries historically operated on the creek. A number of covered bridges have also been built over it and there were historically some railroads in the watershed.</p><br>
<p>Little Fishing Creek is considered to be an Exceptional Value stream for part of its length. One of its tributaries is considered to be Class A Wild Trout Waters for part of its length, as is part of the creek itself. However, the creek is considered to be impaired by pathogens for a portion of its length. Parts of the creek are suitable for canoeing on.</p><br>
<h2>Course</h2><br>
<p>Little Fishing Creek begins on Huckleberry Mountain in Davidson Township, Sullivan County. It flows south and exits Davidson Township and Sullivan County within a few tenths of a mile. Upon exiting Sullivan County, the creek enters Jordan Township, Lycoming County. In this township, it continues south before turning southeast and crossing Pennsylvania Route 118 and Pennsylvania Route 239. Downstream, it exits Jordan Township and Lycoming County.</p><br>
<p>Upon exiting Lycoming County, Little Fishing Creek enters Jackson Township, in Columbia County. It flows southeast along the western border of Jackson Township and then turns southwest, following the border, and passes Huckleberry Ridge. The creek then leaves Jackson Township and continues flowing along the border between Pine Township and Greenwood Township. After several miles, it starts flowing parallel to Pennsylvania Route 42 receives the tributary Branch Run. The creek then passes by the western edge of Millville and continues flowing south roughly parallel to Pennsylvania Route 42. Downstream of Millville, it crosses Pennsylvania Route 254. Several miles downstream, it passes Eyers Grove, where it receives the tributary Spruce Run and leaves behind Greenwood Township. The creek then flows along the western border of Mount Pleasant Township and continues to flow alongside Pennsylvania Route 42. After some distance, the creek passes Mordansville and reaches the southern border of Mount Pleasant Township several miles later. Little Fishing Creek enters Fishing Creek at the border between Mount Pleasant Township and Bloomsburg.</p><br>
<p>Little Fishing Creek joins Fishing Creek 3.86 mi upstream of its mouth.</p><br>
<h3>Tributaries</h3><br>
<p>All but one of the tributaries of the Little Fishing Creek upstream of the United States Geological Survey stream gauge empty into it from the right. The creek has a number of small tributaries in ravines in Pine Township. Little Fishing Creek&#39;s named tributaries include Spruce Run, West Branch Run, Lick Run, Wolfhouse Run, Devil Hole Run, and Little Brier Run. Spruce Run and West Branch Run are the largest, with watershed areas of 9.80 square miles and 10.20 square miles, respectively.</p><br>
<h2>Hydrology</h2><br>
<p>A total of 2.4 mi of Little Fishing Creek are considered impaired due to pathogens of an unknown source.</p><br>
<p>At Millville, the "caution stage" for flooding is 7 ft and the flood stage is 10 ft. At Eyers Grove, the "caution stage" is 5 ft, except in areas with levees, where it is 7 ft. The flood stage is 7 ft in areas without levees and 10 ft in areas with them. The average annual rate of precipitation in the watershed of Little Fishing Creek ranges from 35 to 45 in.</p><br>
<p>The annual recharge levels of Little Fishing Creek at Eyers Grove ranged from 6 to 23 in between 1941 and 1957. March, April, and February produced the most recharge of any month on average, contributing 18.2 percent, 13.7 percent, and 12.5 percent of the annual recharge, respectively. August produced the least recharge of any month on average, contributing 1.6 percent of the annual recharge.</p><br>
<h2>Geography and geology</h2><br>
<p>The elevation near the mouth of Little Fishing Creek is 479 ft above sea level. The elevation of the creek&#39;s source is between 1,620 ft and 1,640 ft above sea level.</p><br>
<p>One type of soil series found in the vicinity of Little Fishing Creek is the Middlebury Series. This soil series ranges from deep and fairly well-drained to poorly-drained alluvial soil. It consists of Tioga soils and Holly soils.</p><br>
<p>The Greenwood Valley runs between Little Fishing Creek and Green Creek. Additionally, the Milton axis crosses Little Fishing Creek in Pine Township. A steep ridge known as the "Divide" separates the creeks watershed from that of Chillisquaque Creek. The topography of Little Fishing Creek is described as "rough and hilly" in a 1921 book. The watershed contains narrow valleys with steep and high hills surrounding them. The creeks channel is sinuous.</p><br>
<h2>Watershed</h2><br>
<p>The watershed of Little Fishing Creek has an area of 68.1 square miles. The creek&#39;s mouth is in the United States Geological Survey quadrangle of Bloomsburg. However, its source is in the quadrangle of Elk Grove. The creek also passes through the quadrangles of Benton, Lairdsville, and Millville.</p><br>
<p>The watershed of Little Fishing Creek is considerably longer than it is wide. The drainage basin area of the creek upstream of the stream gauge at Eyers Grove is 56.5 square miles. Most of the watershed is in Columbia County. However, a substantial part of the northwestern portion of the watershed is in Lycoming County and the northernmost part of it is in Sullivan County. The watershed is part of the Lower North Branch Susquehanna River drainage basin.</p><br>
<p>Much of the watershed of Little Fishing Creek upstream of the stream gauge on it is forest. There is also agricultural land, especially in the northwestern and southern parts of the watershed and small areas of developed land in the watershed&#39;s southern section. 64.5 percent of the land in the watershed upstream of Eyers Grove is forested land and 34.7 percent is agricultural land. 0.7 percent of the land is developed and the remaining 0.2 percent has other uses.</p><br>
<p>Pennsylvania Route 42 follows Little Fishing Creek for a significant portion of its length. However, the creek is relatively far from it between Millville and Eyers Grove. Major communities in the watershed of the creek include Millville, Iola, Eyers Grove, and Mordansville. Between its headwaters and Talmar Road, 6 percent of the creek&#39;s length is on open public land. 44 percent is on closed private land and 50 percent is on open private land.</p><br>
<h2>History, industries, and etymology</h2><br>
<p>Little Fishing Creek was entered into the Geographic Names Information System on August 2, 1979. Its identifier in the Geographic Names Information System is 1179545. The creek is named for the fact that it is smaller than Fishing Creek, which it is a tributary of. Little fishing Creek is also known as Hemlock Creek. This variant name appears in a 1982 map of Columbia County published by the Pennsylvania Department of Transportation.</p><br>
<p>John Eves likely settled in the valley of Little Fishing Creek before 1774 and possibly as early as 1769. In 1778, Moses Van Campen led a scouting part past from Fort Wheeler to Chillisquaque Creek via Little Fishing Creek. The headwaters of Little Fishing Creek were uninhabited considerably after the valleys of Greenwood and Jerseytown were inhabited.</p><br>
<p>Several covered bridges cross Little Fishing Creek. The Creasyville Covered Bridge (formerly known as the Derr Bridge) is a Queenpost truss covered bridge that was built over Little Fishing Creek in 1881 for a cost of $301.25. It is 44.5 ft long and crosses the creek north of Millville and Iola. The Jud Christie Covered Bridge No. 95, which is also a Queenpost truss bridge, crosses the creek between Jackson Township and Pine Township. It is 53 ft long and was built in 1876 for $239.00. The Sam Eckman Covered Bridge No. 92 crosses the creek between Pine Township and Greenwood Township and was built in 1876 for $498.00. It is 66 ft long. The Wanich Covered Bridge No. 69 was built in 1844 for $500.00 and is 98 ft long.</p><br>
<p>Other bridges have also been built over Little Fishing Creek. A steel truss bridge was built over it in 1896. A bridge carrying Pennsylvania Route 254 over the creek was built in 1930 and a bridge carrying Pennsylvania Route 42 over the creek was built in 1939, as was one other bridge. Five other bridges were built in the 1940s and 1950s, including another bridge built in 1955 and carrying Pennsylvania Route 42. Several more bridges were built in the 1960s. The newest bridges over the creek were constructed in 1974, 1990, and 2009.</p><br>
<p>John Mordan settled on Little Fishing Creek in Mount Pleasant Township in the 1790s. He also built the first sawmill in Mount Pleasant Township on Little Fishing Creek. The Catawissa Railroad historically went up the valley of the creek.</p><br>
<p>Little Fishing Creek serves as a water supply source for nearby communities such as Millville. Slate has been quarried on the creek and limestone has also been produced there. In the early 1900s, there were woolen mills and tanneries in the watershed and agriculture was also practiced. The creek also powered several small gristmills. The Susquehanna, Bloomsburg, and Berwick Railroad historically crossed the watershed and followed the creek between its mouth and Millville.</p><br>
<h2>Biology</h2><br>
<p>The drainage basin of Little Fishing Creek is designated as Exceptional Value waters and a Migratory Fishery upstream of the tributary Lick Run in the community of Sereno. The creek&#39;s watershed downstream of Lick Run is designated as a Coldwater Fishery and a Migratory Fishery, as is the watershed of Lick Run itself. The creek is considered by the Pennsylvania Fish and Boat Commission to be Class A Wild Trout Waters from its headwaters to Talmar Road: a distance of 4.3 mi. A part of the tributary Lick Run is also considered to be Class A Wild Trout Waters. Ruffed grouse occur in large numbers on Little Fishing Creek north of Iola. They also occur on Spruce Run, a tributary of the creek. Little Fishing Creek has a significant riparian buffer throughout most of Jackson Township.</p><br>
<h2>Recreation</h2><br>
<p>It is possible to canoe on 11.4 mi of Little Fishing Creek during snowmelt or within two days of heavy rain. The difficulty rating of the creek is 1. Edward Gertler describes the scenery along the creek as "good to poor". However, Gertler also describes the creek as "a disappointing little feeder to Fishing Creek" states that it "does not do justice to the beautiful countryside through which it flows".</p><br>
